Agenda w Values in Communication w The American Value System w Detecting Values from Speakers’ Words w Listening Skills from the Textbook w Listening Skills from Research w Critical Thinking

Values of Communicators w Isolating Values w Determining Values in Others’ Messages

Agenda w Values in Communication w The American Value System w Detecting Values from Speakers’ Words w Listening Skills from the Textbook w Listening Skills from Research w Critical Thinking

American Values Meridian House International, 1984

Personal Control Change Time Equality Individualism Self-Help Competition Future Action Informality Directness Practicality Materialism

Mankind Should Control Nature Humans Can Achieve Anything Look Out for Own Self Interests Personal Control

We Value Change Development Improvement Progress Growth

Utmost Importance Punctuality Use Wisely Delayed Gratification Time and Its Control

w Devalue Past w Unconscious of Present w Planning the Future w Someday... Future-Oriented

w “Created Equal” w No Deferential Treatment Equality/Egalitarianism

Individualism w Privacy w We See Ourselves as Unique w “Time to Myself”

wAwAwAwAccomplishments wSwSwSwSelf-Made Man wBwBwBwBorn Poor; Made Good Self Help

Action-Oriented w Workaholics w “Don’t Just Sit There…” w Identify Self by Profession w Value Labor

Informal w Casual with Authority w First Names w Shorts w “Hi” Familiarity

Competition Free Enterprise Be the Best Progress

w Openness w Honesty w Assertiveness Directness

Practical wEwEfficient wPwPragmatic wRwRational wOwObjective wEwEffective

Materialistic We Own VCRs, DVD players, Big screen TVs Automobiles Telephone, Answering Machines, Pagers, Cell Phones Personal Computers… Is this material Enough?

Values of Communicators w Isolating Values w Determining Values in Others’ Messages

Methods to Extract Values Ê Listen for words that openly state values Ë Listen for negative words Ì Find unstated values behind stated beliefs Í Look for unexpected omissions Î Look for connotative language Ï Look at sources of evidence Ð Note proportions

Background w September 15, 1962 Birmingham, Alabama: 4 children killed in Sunday School bombing w January 1963: Governors Orville Faubus and George Wallace oppose integration of public schools arguing for nullification, interposition, and interdiction w March 1963: Sheriff Bull Conner turns fire hoses turned on young people to prevent their registering to vote w July 1963: FBI spreads rumor of planned riots during the march on Washington planned for August 28, 1963

Values Analysis of the “I Have a Dream” Speech of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. w Look for words actually used w Compare to expectations for such a message

Positively Stated Values Negatively Stated Values Total Freedom, free 22 Not free, oppression 3 25 Brotherhood 7 Exile, discord 7 14 Pursuit of happiness 6 Poverty, default 6 12 Life 1 Physical violence Justice 6 Injustice 3 9 Equality 2 Segregation 6 8 Faith, pray, God 7

Agenda w Values in Communication w The American Value System w Detecting Values from Speakers’ Words w Listening Skills from the Textbook w Listening Skills from Research w Critical Thinking

Text Suggestions w Don’t argue prematurely w Separate the message from the speaker w Be “opportunistic” w Look for key ideas w Ask questions w Paraphrase w Take useful notes

Agenda w Values in Communication w The American Value System w Detecting Values from Speakers’ Words w Listening Skills from the Textbook w Listening Skills from Research w Critical Thinking

Listening Habits of the Effective and Ineffective

Listening for Mistakes 1. Controlling through feedback 2. Asking why the subject might be valuable Avoiding Difficult Materials Watch varieties Paper and pencil listening 1. Using notes 2. Using different notation methods Calling the subject boring Delay evaluating subject Tolerating DistractionsModify the situation

Listening Habits of the Effective and Ineffective Listening for Mistakes 1. Controlling through feedback 2. Asking why the subject might be valuable Avoiding Difficult Materials Watch varieties Paper and pencil listening 1. Using notes 2. Using different notation methods Calling the subject boring Delay evaluating subject Tolerating DistractionsModify the situation

Listening Habits of the Effective and Ineffective Listening for Mistakes 1. Controlling through feedback 2. Asking why the subject might be valuable Avoiding Difficult Materials Watch varieties Paper and pencil listening 1. Using notes 2. Using different notation methods Calling the subject boring Delay evaluating subject Tolerating DistractionsModify the situation

Listening Habits of the Effective and Ineffective Listening for Mistakes 1. Controlling through feedback 2. Asking why the subject might be valuable Avoiding Difficult Materials Watch varieties Paper and pencil listening 1. Using notes 2. Using different notation methods Calling the subject boring Delay evaluating subject Tolerating DistractionsModify the situation

Listening Habits of the Effective and Ineffective Listening for Mistakes 1. Controlling through feedback 2. Asking why the subject might be valuable Avoiding Difficult Materials Watch varieties Paper and pencil listening 1. Using notes 2. Using different notation methods Calling the subject boring Delay evaluating subject Tolerating DistractionsModify the situation

The ACE Listening Method w A ttention w C omprehension w E valuation Listen and Take Notes!

Agenda w Values in Communication w The American Value System w Detecting Values from Speakers’ Words w Listening Skills from the Textbook w Listening Skills from Research w Critical Thinking

Advice from the textbook on critical thinking w Listen for information first w Evaluate the speaker’s credibility w Examine the Speaker’s Evidence and Reasoning w Examine Emotional Appeals

Informal Fallacies w False cause – post hoc ergo propter hoc Post hoc for short w Bandwagon fallacy – ad populum w Either or fallacy w Hasty generalization w Attacking the person – ad hominem w Red herring w Non sequitur

Other Fallacies You Need to Know w Appeal to authority, rather than the authority’s reasons: Ad verecundiam w Begging the Question

Activity with Fallacies

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