Timing Of USAP Ship-Based Resupply at McMurdo

McMurdo

ODEN Route McMurdo Vladimir Ignatyuk Route

ODEN Route Tanker Route McMurdo Vladimir Ignatyuk Route

ODEN Route Tanker Route Cargo Ship Route McMurdo Vladimir Ignatyuk Route

ODEN Route Tanker Route Cargo Ship Route Southern Ocean McMurdo Vladimir Ignatyuk Route

Damaged Containers Destroyed Winches Icing Southern Ocean: Vigorous Storms

ODEN Route Tanker Route Cargo Ship Route Southern Ocean Ross Sea McMurdo Vladimir Ignatyuk Route

% Pack Ice Cover on 5 February of 11 years open Ross Sea: Select time for passage when open water corridor exists

ODEN Route Tanker Route Cargo Ship Route Southern Ocean McMurdo Sound Ross Sea McMurdo Vladimir Ignatyuk Route

McMurdo Sound: Fast Ice Blockade

Optimization for Ship Time Southern Ocean Select time for passage when storms are less likely Use state of the art weather information to time crossing Ensure ship suitability for withstanding storms Ross Sea Select time for passage when open water corridor exists Use state of the art ice information to route ships through ice Provide icebreaker escort McMurdo Sound Select time for passage when ice edge at maximum southern extent Select time for passage when ice is at its weakest Provide icebreaker escort

% Pack Ice Cover 18 Jan 2009 Ross Sea: Use state of the art ice information to route ships through ice

Ross Sea: Provide icebreaker escort

McMurdo Sound: Select time for passage when ice edge at maximum southern extent

First Year Sea Ice McMurdo Sound: Select time for passage when ice is at its weakest

Ice at WeakestIce Growth

Summary of earliest arrival considerations: No earlier than ~5 December for arrival of icebreaker (based on strength of McMurdo Sound ice) No earlier than ~15 January for arrival of icebreaker (based on extent of McMurdo Sound ice) No earlier than ~25 January for first supply ship (based on Ross Sea pack ice) 27 January for First Ship Arrival

Summary of latest departure: No later than late April (based on northern growth of McMurdo Sound fast ice edge) No later than middle March (based on shipping channel re-freezing) No later than than ~14 February (based on probability of open water in Ross Sea) 14 February for Last Ship Departure

Timing of USAP Ship-Based Resupply at McMurdo