29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.1 The Spanish model of Private Security Eduardo Cobas Urcelay Secretary General of APROSER Second International Conference Chamber of the Republic of Macedonia of Security of People and Property Contributing to global security and safety by cooperation and exchange of experience, practices and knowledge

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.2  Some basic figures on the Spanish Market  The evolution of private security in Spain  Main elements of the system

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia million euros (2.006)  2.006: 7,2%

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.4 Steady market growth

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.5 Spanish market – main activities

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.6 Basic figures on companies  authorised companies  800 estimated active companies Different degrees of concentration Different degrees of concentration Most of them SMEs although Most of them SMEs although 2 companies: almost 50% of the market2 companies: almost 50% of the market 75% market – 15 companies (APROSER)75% market – 15 companies (APROSER)

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.7 Spanish market – basic segments

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.8 Personnel of the sector  More than licensed guards  active licensed guards Most of them years (61%) Most of them years (61%) Most of them male (87%) Most of them male (87%) Average compulsory education (56%) Average compulsory education (56%) Fixed contracts (85%) Fixed contracts (85%) Average time belonging to the company (4,6 years/guards) Average time belonging to the company (4,6 years/guards) High turnover rates High turnover rates Similar ratios UK/Germany/France/Spain Similar ratios UK/Germany/France/Spain

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.9 Evolution of private security in Spain  The creation of modern States in the XIX th century: State monopoly on security: constitutional framework / opposition to US model State monopoly on security: constitutional framework / opposition to US model Some precedents of private security Some precedents of private security Rural guards “guardas particulares de campo” (1.833)Rural guards “guardas particulares de campo” (1.833) Night watchman “serenos” (1.834)Night watchman “serenos” (1.834)

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.10  XX th century: Private security in a non-democratic state Private security in a non-democratic state Regulation of use of arms (1.944)Regulation of use of arms (1.944) Guards in banking activities (1.946)Guards in banking activities (1.946) Guards for industry and commerce activities (1.962)Guards for industry and commerce activities (1.962) The 70ths – economic crisis /democratic state The 70ths – economic crisis /democratic state Security measures (crime prevention)Security measures (crime prevention) Security guards regulation (1977) – security companiesSecurity guards regulation (1977) – security companies The 80ths – development The 80ths – development Fragmented legislationFragmented legislation Supplementary role of Collective AgreementsSupplementary role of Collective Agreements Insufficient regulatory frameworkInsufficient regulatory framework

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.11  Basic regulatory framework Act on Private Security 23/1992 Act on Private Security 23/1992 Implementing RegulationImplementing Regulation Home of Affairs developing Decrees Home of Affairs developing Decrees Minor amendments Minor amendments ECJustice 1998: nationality requirementsECJustice 1998: nationality requirements EC Justice 2006: access restrictionsEC Justice 2006: access restrictions Escort services / public authoritiesEscort services / public authorities Regional competences increasedRegional competences increased

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.12 Who is competent?  At national level: Ministry of Home Affairs State Secretary State Secretary DG of PoliceDG of Police Citizens Security department Citizens Security department Private Security UnitPrivate Security Unit  At regional level: Regional Police departments (mainly Basque Country and Cataluña) Regional Police departments (mainly Basque Country and Cataluña) Coordination and cooperation issuesCoordination and cooperation issues Supervision of private security companies, personnel and training centersSupervision of private security companies, personnel and training centers

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.13 Basic principle supporting the system Security competence: public authorities How private security is defined? Activities /public security: Complementary (special powers) and Subordinated (special control) Special duty of cooperation with Public security Forces Concrete and limited powers

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.14 Coordination and control  Parliamentary special scrutiny over private security  Joint committee of coordination / 50 local coordination committees  Concrete obligations: Annual reporting Annual reporting Communication of contracts (3 days in advance) Communication of contracts (3 days in advance)

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.15 Access to the market: companies  Special license – only private security activities  Conditions: Nationality European Union Nationality European Union Financial guarantee Financial guarantee Third party liability coverage Third party liability coverage Conditions for administrators Conditions for administrators

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.16 Access to the market: individuals Licensing system for security guards Basic requirements: Basic compulsory education Age: 18 years old clean criminal records no sanctions in security matters nationality EU or EEA incompatibility police role / private security: 2 years

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.17 Licensing proceedings: security guards First step: Basic training: Authorised training centers 180 hours / 6 weeks Content: Legal area Socio-professional area Technical-professional area Instrumental area

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.18 Licensing proceedings: security guards  Step 2: Police exam 7 exams / year Content: physical conditions (4 tests) theoretical content License granted

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.19 Licensing proceedings: security guards  Step 3: on-going practice 2 years no activity: license lost 2 years no activity: license lost 20 hours / year: on-going training 20 hours / year: on-going training

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.20 More elements of the system  Use of arms: Either compulsory, authorised or forbidden Either compulsory, authorised or forbidden  Identification: Standard license form Standard license form  Uniform: Compulsory / regulated - authorisation Compulsory / regulated - authorisation  Use of dogs: Authorised / not too often Authorised / not too often  Collective agreements: 30 years negotiation process (role of associations / uniform labour costs) 30 years negotiation process (role of associations / uniform labour costs)

29 May 20082nd Intal. Conference. Macedonia.21  A highly professional sector Good image citizens: 70% positive /10% negative Good image citizens: 70% positive /10% negative Important role in critical areas: transport, CIT performance, escort, etc Important role in critical areas: transport, CIT performance, escort, etc Sound labour relationships: still some unfair competition practices exist Sound labour relationships: still some unfair competition practices exist Image of private security guards must be improved Image of private security guards must be improved Public awards Public awards  A good regulatory system but: Access to the profession: nationality / bureaucracy Access to the profession: nationality / bureaucracy Functions to be performed to be reviewed Functions to be performed to be reviewed Private security agents protection Private security agents protection