Today  Parts of vocal tract used in producing consonants  Articulatory Description of consonants Readings: it’s all about air!

Consonants  Speech sounds produced with a narrowing somewhere in the vocal tract

This view: A Midsaggital Section (soft palate) epiglottis pharynx

Major structures Structure (noun)Adjectival descriptor lipslabial (labio-) teethdental alveolar ridgealveolar (alveo-) hard palatepalatal velum (soft palate)velar nasal cavitynasal glottisglottal

Active vs. Passive Articulators

Articulatory Description For consonants, three-part classification system: 1) Voicing 2) Place (of articulation) 3) Manner (of articulation) e.g., voiced labiodental fricative = [v]

1) Voicing  Voicing: what is happening at the LARYNX? Are the vocal folds spread apart (voiceless), or are they close together and vibrating (voiced)? Front Vocal folds Glottis Back

voiced voiceless

[p] pat[b] bat [t] tie[d] die [k] kill[g] gill [f] fat[v] vat [s] sip[z] zip [T] thigh[D] thy [S] dilution[Z] delusion [tS] etch[dZ] edge Voiceless Voiced

liquid r * * In the IPA, [r] is actually a trill like in Spanish “perro”. The IPA symbol for American ‘r’ is [  ], but you can use either symbol since the text uses [r] for American ‘r’. Voicing Value

2) Place  Place (of articulation): WHERE in the vocal tract is the constriction being made?

Place  Bilabial: w/ both lips [b], [p], [m], [w]  Labiodental: w/ lower lip and upper teeth [f], [v]  (Inter-)dental: tip of tongue btw. the teeth [T], [D]  Alveolar: tongue tip on alveolar ridge [t], [d], [n], [l], [s], [z]

Place  (Alveo-)Palatal: w/ tongue at or near hard palate Alveopalatal: [S], [Z], [tS], [dZ] Palatal: [ j ]  Velar: w/ tongue at or near soft palate, or velum [k], [g], [N]  Glottal: produced at the larynx [/], [h]

liquid r

3) Manner  Manner (of articulation): HOW is the air being modified as it moves through the vocal tract?

Manner  Stop: full obstruction in oral cavity (w/ velum raised/closed) [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [/]  Fricative: partial obstruction w/ turbulence [f], [v], [T], [D], [s], [z], [S], [Z]  Affricate: stop followed by fricative [tS], [dZ] +

Manner  Nasal: full obstruction in oral cavity w/ velum lowered/open [m], [n], [N]  Liquid: constriction but no turbulence [l] = lateral liquid [r] = retroflex liquid  Glide: slightly more constriction than a vowel [w], [ j ] (and shows additional evidence of “consonantness”: patterns with consonants)

liquid r Manner

Practice: Provide the articulatory description [p] [m] [dZ] [j] = voiceless bilabial stop = voiced bilabial nasal = voiced (alveo-)palatal affricate = voiced palatal glide

Practice: Provide the phonetic symbol voiced bilabial stop voiceless interdental fricative voiceless velar stop [b] = [T] = [k] =

From the movie “My Fair Lady:” What consonantal articulation was Eliza Doolittle practicing?