1 Respiratory System

2 Tale of Two Gases RESPIRATION is Simple- in with the good (O2), out with the bad (CO2) called Pulmonary ventilation Phases of respiration: External respiration- gases exchanged between lungs and blood Internal respiration-gases exchanged between blood and tissues

3 Respiratory System Anatomy- Upper Respiratory System: Nose, Pharynx, Larynx Lower Respiratory System: Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs

4 Nose The study of the nose, ears and throat is called otorhinolaryngology (oto= ear, rhino= nose, larynx= throat) External nose: Cartilage stuck to the nasal bones creating a wind tunnel with two holes called the external nares or nostrils Function: –filtering air –odors detection –resonating chamber that amplifies the voice (hold your nose) –moisture addition –warming air –FOR Men and Women

5 The Deep Dark Secret of the Schnoz Internal nose anatomy- nasal cavity divided by nasal septum Nasal septum anatomy- consists of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (superior), the vomer (inferior) and septial cartilage (anterior) Deviated nasal septum= is a disorder of the nasal septum

6 Regions of Pharynx The Pharynx (FAIR-inks)- from the internal nose to the cricoid cartilage Naso- Oro- Laryngo- C5C5

7 Pharynx Function: –passage way for food, air, water –resonating chamber –immune function, tonsils Superior portion has an opening for the Eustachian tube Inferior portion connects to the esophagus and the larynx (food and air tubes)

8 Larynx Larynx (LAIR-inks)- voice box, anterior to C4-6, connect the pharynx with the trachea Epiglottis (Epi= over, glottis= tongue)- a small tongue-like structure that when we swallow, the epiglottis closes over the larynx so that food will go into the esophagus Houses the vocal cords

9 Laryngeal Cartilages Thyroid cartilage- also called the Adam’s apple, wedged shaped made of hyaline cartilage, pointing anterior, larger in males but females have one also, lies superior to the thyroid gland Cricoid cartilage- a ring made of hyaline cartilage, great place for a “trach”

10 Emergency Tracheostomy Tracheostomy (Trach)- a procedure where inferior to the thyroid cartilage and superior to the cricoid cartilage of the throat is cut by a small (3/16”) vertical incision and a Bic pen is placed in the hole so that the a person can breath, don’t try this at home! Done only in extreme emergencies

11 Epiglottis Epiglottis (Epi= over, glottis= tongue)- a small tongue-like structure, when we swallow the epiglottis closes over the larynx so that food will go into the esophagus and not into our _______

12 Action of Vocal Cords The larynx forms two pairs of folds: superior called the ventricular folds or false vocal cords An inferior pair of folds called the vocal folds or true vocal cords Air passes by the vocal cords causing them to vibrate and producing voice

13 Trachea Trachea- Windpipe Anterior to esophagus, goes from C6-T5, at T5 it divides into right and left bronchi Tracheal rings- composed of hyaline cartilage, in the shape of a “C” The “C” opens posterior to allow the esophagus to expand while swallowing

14 Each color is a different tertiary bronchus

15 Terminal Part of the Lungs

16 Lungs- General Anatomy I Paired cone shaped organs, in thoracic cavity, separated by the mediastinum Mediastinum contains the heart and other structures, it separates one lung from the other Each lung is surrounded by pleural membrane- protects and encloses the lung

17 Lungs- General Anatomy II Each lung extends from the diaphragm to the clavicles and from anterior ribs to posterior ribs Base- inferior portion Apex- superior portion, narrow Costal surface- surface lying against the ribs Mediastinal surface- medial part of each lung contains: –Hilus- passageway for bronchi, blood vessels, nerves

18 Right lung- 3 lobes: Superior Middle and Inferior lobe Left lung- 2 lobes: Superior and Inferior lobe Fissures divide each lung into lobes:

19 Muscles Involved in Breathing INSPIRATION: Diaphragm (dome shaped) External intercostals –elevate ribs Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid and erector spinae muscles Platysma- in respiratory distress EXPIRATION: Internal intercostal muscles –depress the ribs Contract abdominal muscles

20 Breathing Inspiration- also called inhalation, lungs expand and air goes in, diaphragm goes into the abdomen Expiration- also called exhalation, passive process from elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs, no muscles needed, the diaphragm exits the abdominal cavity

21 Respiratory Terms Hyperventilation- rapid and deep breathing, exhales increased CO2 Too much CO2 causes acidosis (acidic blood) called hypercapnia –CO2 diffuses across the blood brain barrier and can acidify the cerebral spinal fluid Hypoventilation- slow and shallow breathing Hypoxia- inadequate oxygen supply –cyanosis - blueness of skin

22 LUNG DIS-EASE I Asthma- Marked by airway hypersenativity, inflammation and obstruction –Symptoms of difficult breathing, wheezing, anxiety COPD- (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) 4 th leading cause of death. Increased airway resistance with recurrent obstruction- smokers –Emphysema- Alveoli destruction, barrel chest, too much air in the lungs prevents gas exchange –Chronic Bronchitis- Excess mucus and cough, symptoms = cyanosis, shortness of breath

23 LUNG DIS-EASE II Pneumonia- Acute inflammation of alveoli, 4 million deaths per year, bacterial infection that usually follows a viral infection Tuberculosis (TB)- creates lesions called tubercles in lungs

24 TERMS OF INSPIRATION Asphyxia (as-fix-see-a)- oxygen starvation (in carbon monoxide poisoning) Aspiration- inhaling other stuff than air Dyspnea- labored or painful breathing