Splanchnology

Composition: Characters of viscera Alimentary system 消化系统 Respiratory system 呼吸系统 Urinary system 泌尿系统 Reproductive system 生殖系统 Characters of viscera Most of viscera organs lies in the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities All of them communicate with external environment through some orifices or channels

Reference lines of thorax Anterior median line Sternal line Midclavicular line Parasternal line Anterior axillary line Post axillary line Midaxillary line Scapular line Posterior median line

The abdominal regions Nine regions Left and right hypochondriac region, epigastric region L . and R. lateral regions of abdomen, umbilical region L. and R. inguinal region, pubic region

Four quadrants Left and right upper quadrants Left and right lower quadrants

The Respiratory System

Composition Nose Pharynx upper respiratory tract Larynx Catch a cold Trachea lower respiratory tract Bronchi Lungs-paired organs of respiration Function: supply the body with oxygen and to get rid of excess carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism

Nose 鼻 paranasal sinuses External nose: Root of nose Back of nose Apex of nose Alae nasi (nosewing) Nasal cavity –divided into two halves by nasal septum paranasal sinuses

Two parts: Nasal vestibule Proper nasal cavity Boundaries Roof－cribriform plate of ethmoid Floor－hard palate Medial wall－nasal septum Lateral wall Nasal conchae: superior, middle and inferior Nasal meatus: superior, middle and inferior

Mucous membrane of nose Olfactory( sense of smell) region嗅区: superior nasal conchae and the mucosa of septum opposite it. contains olfactory cells Respiratory region 呼吸区: its function is to warm, moisten, and clean the inspired air

The paranasal sinuses and their site of drainage into the nose Name of sinus Site of drainage Frontal sinus Middle meatus via infundibulum Maxillary sinus Middle meatus through semilunar hiatus Sphenoid sinus Sphenoethmoidal recess Ethmoidal sinuses Middle meatus Superior nasal meatus

Frontal sinus Ethmoidal sinuses Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus

Larynx 喉 Tubular organ Position－situated in the anterior middle part of the neck (below the hyoid bone), and extends from the vertebral level of C4 to C6

Composition: encircled by: Laryngeal cartilages Laryngeal muscles Laryngeal fibroelastic membrane

Laryngeal cartilages 喉软骨 Thyroid cartilage 甲状软骨 Shield-shaped cartilage Laryngeal prominence （adam’s apple） at the base of thyroid notch Cricoid cartilage 环状软骨 Complete ring of cartilage (shaped like a signet (seal) ring) at the level of C6

Arytenoid 杓状软骨 (ladle) Paired, pyramid -shaped, articulate with lamina of cricoid cartilage Vocal process anteriorly, site of posterior attachment of vocal cords

Epiglottic cartilage 会厌软骨 leaf-shaped elastic cartilage situated behind the root of the tongue prevent food from entering the windpipe

Muscles of larynx Increasing tension on the vocal ligament－cricothyroid Decreasing tension on the vocal ligament－thyroarytenoid Opening the glottis－posterior cricoarytenoid Closing the glottis－ cricoarytenoid

Laryngeal cavity Aperture of larynx 喉口－bounded by upper border epiglottic cartilage, aryepiglottic folds and interarytenoid notch

The narrowest part of laryngeal cavity Structure features Two pairs of shelf- like folds : Vestibular folds 前庭襞 Vocal folds 声襞 Vocal cords Two fissures rima vestibuli 前庭裂 rima glottidis 声门裂 The narrowest part of laryngeal cavity

Three parts Laryngeal vestibule 喉前庭 Intermedial cavity of larynx喉中间腔 Extends from the aperture of larynx to the rima vestibuli Tubercle of epiglottis 会厌结节 Intermedial cavity of larynx喉中间腔 Extends from the level of the rima vestibuli to the level of the fissure of glottis Ventricle of larynx 喉室 －a small recess between vestibular and vocal folds on each side Infraglottic cavity 声门下腔 extends from the level of the vocal folds to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage

Trachea 气管 Position: extends from the lower border of cricoid cartilage to the level of sternal angle (between T4－T5 vertebrae) where it divides into right and left principal bronchi Structure features Consists of about 16－20 C-shaped incomplete tracheal cartilages for patency (being open) connected by smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Bronchi 支气管 Right principal bronchus 右主支气管 Shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left , is about 2.5cm long, Foreign bodies are therefore more likely to lodge in this bronchus or one of its branches Left principal bronchus 左主支气管 Narrower, longer, and more horizontal than the right ,is about 5cm long,

Lungs 肺 Position: located in the thoracic cavity on both sides of mediastinum General features Cone-shaped, the right lung is shorter and broader, the left one is longer and narrower Apex of lung－rises 2 ～3 cm above the medial third of clavicle into neck Base－concave, related to diaphragm, also called diaphragmatic surface Costal surface－large, convex, related to thoracic wall

Medial surface－concave, related to mediastinum and vertebrae Hilum of lung 肺门：area on medial surface where structures in root enter or leave lung Root of lung 肺根 Contents Principal bronchus Pulmonary artery and vein Nerves and lymphatics Surrounded by connective tissue

Three borders Lobes and Fissure Right lung Left lung Posterior－blunt Inferior－ sharp Anterior－sharp Lobes and Fissure Right lung Two fissures : horizontal oblique Three lobes : superior, middle, inferior Left lung One fissure : oblique Two lobes : superior and inferior

Bronchial tree支气管树 Each principal bronchus divides into lobar bronchi (two on the left, three on the right), each of which supplies a lobe of lung. Each lobar bronchus then divided into segmental bronchi, which supply specific segments of the lung.

Bronchopulmonary segments支气管肺段 Wedge shaped, with the base lying peripherally and the apex lying towards the root of lungs, ten in each lung Each with a segmental bronchus and branches of pulmonary artery The veins lie both in and between segments

The Pleura 胸膜 General features Serous membranes forming closed sacs Two layers Visceral pleura－adheres to the lungs, continuous with parietal pleura at the root of lung Parietal pleura－lines the thoracic cavity

Two pleural layers continue with each other at the root of the lung forming closed potential space－pleural cavity 胸膜腔 Contains a small amount of pleural fluid Subatmospheric pressure in it

Named parts of parietal pleura Cupula of pleura 胸膜顶 －extends up into the neck, over the apex of lung, 2～3cm above the medial third of clavicle Costal pleura 肋胸膜 －lines the inner surface of the wall of the chest Mediastinal pleura 纵隔胸膜 Lines mediastinum Pulmonary ligament 肺韧带 －redundant pleura at root of lung, which extends downward, allows movement of structures forming root of lung Diaphragmatic pleura 膈胸膜－Lines diaphragm

Pleura recesses 胸膜隐窝－potential spaces of pleural cavity which lungs are not occupied in quiet respiration Costodiaphragmatic recess肋膈隐窝－are the slit-like intervals between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae on each side, the lowest point of pleural cavity Costomediastinal recess 肋纵隔隐窝－on the left side between the mediastinal pleural and costal pleura

The surface projection of lower border of lung and pleurae Midclavicular lines Midaxillary lines Sides of the vertebral column Lungs 6th rib 8th rib 10th rib Pleura 12th rib