Chapter 19: Perfect Passive System Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives

The Perfect Passive System All verbs of all conjugations form the tenses of the perfect passive system in the same way. All we have to do is take the perfect passive participle (the fourth principal part) and add a form of sum!

The Perfect Passive System For the perfect passive, we use a form of sum in the present. For the pluperfect passive, we use a form of sum in the imperfect. For the future perfect passive, we use a form of sum in the future. amātus, a, um sum amātus,a, um eram amātus,a, um erō

The Perfect Passive System The form of sum plus the participle act together as a verbal unit, but the participle is also a type of predicate adjective. So therefore the participle must agree with the subject of the verb in gender, number, and case! Puer amātus est. Puellae amātae sunt.

The Perfect Passive System When we translate these constructions into English, we use the auxiliary verb to have. amātus sum = I have been loved (or I was loved) amātus eram = I had been loved amātus erō = I will have been loved

The Perfect Passive System We have to be very careful to not make the common mistake of translating a form such as amātus est as “He is loved” rather than “He has been loved” or “He was loved.” Remember that the participle and the form of sum work TOGETHER as a unit. Don’t translate them as separate forms! Amātus est. = He has been loved/He was loved A mātur. = He is loved.

Interrogative Pronouns The interrogative pronoun asks for the identity of a person or thing. Who, whose, whom? What? The Latin interrogative pronoun is quis, quid.

Interrogative Pronouns SingularPlural MFN quīquae quōrumquārumquōrum quibus quōsquāsquae quibus In the plural, its forms are just like those of the relative pronoun. In the singular, M&F have the same forms, and the nominative forms are quis & quid (also N acc)

Interrogative Pronouns SingularPlural M/FNMFN quisquidquīquae cuius quōrumquārumquōrum cui quibus quemquidquōsquāsquae quō quibus In the plural, its forms are just like those of the relative pronoun. In the singular, M&F have the same forms, and the nominative forms are quis & quid (also N acc)

Interrogative Adjectives The interrogative adjective asks for more specific identification of a person or thing. Which? What? What kind of? The Latin interrogative adjective is quī, quae, quod and is identical to the relative pronoun in all forms.

Interrogatives v. Relatives It’s easy to distinguish quis and quid as interrogative pronouns. Otherwise, the interrogative pronoun, the interrogative adjective, and the relative pronoun look the same in form. You must use function and context to distinguish them.

Relative Pronoun: Interrogative Pronoun: Interrogative Adjective: Interrogatives v. Relatives Relative Pronoun: Interrogative Pronoun: asks a question about the identity of a person/or thing, has no antecedent, introduces a question Relative Pronoun: introduces subordinate clause, has antecedent, does not ask a question Relative Pronoun: Interrogative Pronoun: Interrogative Adjective: asks for more specific identification of a person or thing and both precedes and agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it’s asking about

Relative, Interrog. Pron., or Interrog. Adj? Quis librum tibi dedit? (Who gave the book to you?) Interrogative Pronoun!

Relative, Interrog. Pron., or Interrog. Adj? Vir quī librum tibi dedit te laudavit. (The man who gave the book to you praised you.) Relative Pronoun!

Relative, Interrog. Pron., or Interrog. Adj? Quem librum tibi dedit? (Which book did he give you?) Interrogative Adjective!

Relative, Interrog. Pron., or Interrog. Adj? Cuius librum Cicero tibi dedit? (Whose book did Cicero give you?) Interrogative Pronoun!

Relative, Interrog. Pron., or Interrog. Adj? Cuius libri fuit Cicero auctor? (Of which book was Cicero the author?) Interrogative Adjective!

Relative, Interrog. Pron., or Interrog. Adj? Vir cuius librum Cicero tibi dedit te laudavit. (The man whose book Cicero gave to you praised you.) Relative Pronoun!

Relative, Interrog. Pron., or Interrog. Adj? Cui amicō librum dedisti? (To which friend did you give the book?) Interrogative Adjective!

Relative, Interrog. Pron., or Interrog. Adj? Cui librum Cicero dedit? (To whom did Cicero give the book?) Interrogative Pronoun!

Relative, Interrog. Pron., or Interrog. Adj? A quō liber lectus est? (By whom was the book read?) Interrogative Pronoun!