Step Up To: Discovering Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D. From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 4e Worth Publishers (2007) From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 4e Worth Publishers (2007)

Chapter 5: Learning Who Let the Dogs Out? Classical Today There Are Consequences Operant Now Watch and Learn

Who Let the Dogs Out?

Classical Today

There Are Consequences

Operant Now

Watch and Learn

1. In Pavlov’s experiment, the dog’s salivation to the bell is the: A) unconditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned response. C) conditioned stimulus. D) conditioned response. A) unconditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned response. C) conditioned stimulus. D) conditioned response.

2. Jimmy was frightened by a barking dog. For the next few months, he was afraid of all dogs. This is an example of: A) stimulus generalization. B) stimulus discrimination. C) unconditioned response. D) unconditioned stimulus. A) stimulus generalization. B) stimulus discrimination. C) unconditioned response. D) unconditioned stimulus.

3. After repeatedly presenting the CS without the UCS, the CR will gradually disappear. This is called: A) extinguished reaction. B) extinction. C) stimulus discrimination. D) stimulus neutralization. A) extinguished reaction. B) extinction. C) stimulus discrimination. D) stimulus neutralization.

4.Watson’s experiment with Little Albert was criticized because: A) he was unable to condition a lasting fear response. B) Little Albert died as a result. C) Watson did not obtain permission from the parents. D) it is unethical to cause such distress in an infant. A) he was unable to condition a lasting fear response. B) Little Albert died as a result. C) Watson did not obtain permission from the parents. D) it is unethical to cause such distress in an infant.

5.Once extinction has occurred, the CR may return if enough time has passed. This is an example of: A) spontaneous remission. B) stimulus generalization. C) spontaneous recovery. D) conditioned recurrence. A) spontaneous remission. B) stimulus generalization. C) spontaneous recovery. D) conditioned recurrence.

6. More recent investigations into the process of classical conditioning suggest that it involves: A) pairing of stimulus and response. B) learning how events are related. C) rewarding positive behavior. D) the use of all the senses. A) pairing of stimulus and response. B) learning how events are related. C) rewarding positive behavior. D) the use of all the senses.

7. The idea that it is easier for a person to become conditioned to fear spiders than flowers, for example is called: A) biological preparedness. B) arachnophobia. C) stimulus priming. D) primal conditioning. A) biological preparedness. B) arachnophobia. C) stimulus priming. D) primal conditioning.

8. John Garcia demonstrated that people and animals could be conditioned to have a: A) fear of loud noises. B) taste aversion. C) recurrence of a previously acquired fear. D) placebo response. A) fear of loud noises. B) taste aversion. C) recurrence of a previously acquired fear. D) placebo response.

9. According to the ___ perspective, mental processes are an important component in the learning of new behaviors. A) evolutionary B) cognitive C) biological D) analytic A) evolutionary B) cognitive C) biological D) analytic

10. Cognitive processes in classical conditioning have been demonstrated by Robert Rescorla when: A) light was used instead of tones. B) verbal instruction increased the effectiveness of the CS. C) tones did not predict the coming of the UCS. D) the CS was too complex and confusing. A) light was used instead of tones. B) verbal instruction increased the effectiveness of the CS. C) tones did not predict the coming of the UCS. D) the CS was too complex and confusing.

11. According to Thorndike’s Law of Effect, when responses are followed by something unpleasant, A) the response is strengthened. B) the unpleasant stimulus is avoided. C) the response is weakened. D) the CR is extinguished. A) the response is strengthened. B) the unpleasant stimulus is avoided. C) the response is weakened. D) the CR is extinguished.

12. In ____, a response is strengthened in order to avoid something unpleasant. A) punishment B) positive reinforcement C) partial reinforcement D) negative reinforcement A) punishment B) positive reinforcement C) partial reinforcement D) negative reinforcement

13. Even when punishment works, it has several drawbacks, including: A) punishment doesn’t teach the correct response. B) punishment may result in more anxiety, fear or hostility. C) effects may be temporary. D) all of the above. A) punishment doesn’t teach the correct response. B) punishment may result in more anxiety, fear or hostility. C) effects may be temporary. D) all of the above.

14. The best time to deliver a positive reinforcer is: A) immediately after the preferred behavior. B) during the preferred behavior. C) immediately after explaining the relationship to the preferred behavior. D) every time the behavior occurs for as long as you want it to continue. A) immediately after the preferred behavior. B) during the preferred behavior. C) immediately after explaining the relationship to the preferred behavior. D) every time the behavior occurs for as long as you want it to continue.

15. If you want to teach a pigeon to eat out of your hand, you would place some bird seed closer and closer to you until it finally had to come to your hand. This is called: A) intermittent reinforcement. B) shaping. C) partial reinforcement. D) successive approximations. A) intermittent reinforcement. B) shaping. C) partial reinforcement. D) successive approximations.

16. Aunt Tillie can’t stop putting quarters into the slot machine in the casino. Her behavior is difficult to extinguish because it is on a ____ schedule. A) fixed ratio B) variable interval C) variable ratio D) fixed interval A) fixed ratio B) variable interval C) variable ratio D) fixed interval

17. Janet has contracted to sell pies to a local restaurant. She is paid $20 for every three pies she delivers. Her reinforcement is on a ___ schedule. A) fixed interval B) fixed ratio C) variable ratio D) variable interval A) fixed interval B) fixed ratio C) variable ratio D) variable interval

18. According to Tolman, we can get to our destination even though there is a detour because of: A) detour signs. B) positive reinforcement. C) incidental learning. D) a cognitive map. A) detour signs. B) positive reinforcement. C) incidental learning. D) a cognitive map.

19. Football teams who were badly beaten in one game tended to perform worse than expected in the next game. This can be explained in terms of the ___ phenomenon. A) cognitive expectation B) punishment outcome C) negative reinforcement D) learned helplessness A) cognitive expectation B) punishment outcome C) negative reinforcement D) learned helplessness

20. If you wanted to reinforce behavior so that it would be most difficult to extinguish, you would use: A) a variable-ratio schedule. B) a fixed-ratio schedule. C) negative reinforcement. D) continuous reinforcement. A) a variable-ratio schedule. B) a fixed-ratio schedule. C) negative reinforcement. D) continuous reinforcement.

21. Albert Bandura contends that most human behavior: A) is acquired through observational learning. B) is shaped through repeated trial-and- error. C) is reinforced through positive conditioning. D) is planned out and not accidental. A) is acquired through observational learning. B) is shaped through repeated trial-and- error. C) is reinforced through positive conditioning. D) is planned out and not accidental.

22. In Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment, he demonstrated that: A) aggressive children will imitate aggressive behavior. B) children will imitate aggressive behavior just by observing it. C) children who are non-aggressive will not imitate aggressive behavior. D) children will imitate aggressive behavior if reinforced with candy. A) aggressive children will imitate aggressive behavior. B) children will imitate aggressive behavior just by observing it. C) children who are non-aggressive will not imitate aggressive behavior. D) children will imitate aggressive behavior if reinforced with candy.

23. Research on children viewing violence on TV is related to their own aggressive behavior in that: A) there is only a “modest” correlation. B) there is a positive and statistically significant correlation. C) there is no real correlation between the two. D) its effects are only temporary. A) there is only a “modest” correlation. B) there is a positive and statistically significant correlation. C) there is no real correlation between the two. D) its effects are only temporary.

24: Bandura suggests four cognitive processes interact to determine whether imitation will occur. The last one is: A) attention. B) remembering. C) motivation. D) action. A) attention. B) remembering. C) motivation. D) action.

25. What have researchers have determined about the correlation of TV viewing and imitative behavior? A) We can decrease violence in our society if we decrease the amount of violence on TV. B) We can increase pro-social behavior if we increase the amount of it on TV. C) All of the above are true. D) None of the above are true; TV doesn’t change the way people are. A) We can decrease violence in our society if we decrease the amount of violence on TV. B) We can increase pro-social behavior if we increase the amount of it on TV. C) All of the above are true. D) None of the above are true; TV doesn’t change the way people are.

Stop here, or continue as a review

1. In Pavlov’s experiment, the dog’s salivation to the bell is the: A) unconditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned response. C) conditioned stimulus. D) conditioned response. A) unconditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned response. C) conditioned stimulus. D) conditioned response. 176

2. Jimmy was frightened by a barking dog. For the next few months, he was afraid of all dogs. This is an example of: A) stimulus generalization. B) stimulus discrimination. C) unconditioned response. D) unconditioned stimulus. A) stimulus generalization. B) stimulus discrimination. C) unconditioned response. D) unconditioned stimulus. 178

3. After repeatedly presenting the CS without the UCS, the CR will gradually disappear. This is called: A) extinguished reaction. B) extinction. C) stimulus discrimination. D) stimulus neutralization. A) extinguished reaction. B) extinction. C) stimulus discrimination. D) stimulus neutralization. 178

4.Watson’s experiment with Little Albert was criticized because: A) he was unable to condition a lasting fear response. B) Little Albert died as a result. C) Watson did not obtain permission from the parents. D) it is unethical to cause such distress in an infant. A) he was unable to condition a lasting fear response. B) Little Albert died as a result. C) Watson did not obtain permission from the parents. D) it is unethical to cause such distress in an infant. 181

5. Once extinction has occurred, the CR may return if enough time has passed. This is an example of: A) spontaneous remission. B) stimulus generalization. C) spontaneous recovery. D) conditioned recurrence. A) spontaneous remission. B) stimulus generalization. C) spontaneous recovery. D) conditioned recurrence. 178

6. More recent investigations into the process of classical conditioning suggest that it involves: A) pairing of stimulus and response. B) learning how events are related. C) rewarding positive behavior. D) the use of all the senses. A) pairing of stimulus and response. B) learning how events are related. C) rewarding positive behavior. D) the use of all the senses. 186

7. The idea that it is easier for a person to become conditioned to fear spiders than flowers, for example, is called: A) biological preparedness. B) arachnophobia. C) stimulus priming. D) primal conditioning. A) biological preparedness. B) arachnophobia. C) stimulus priming. D) primal conditioning. 187

8. John Garcia demonstrated that people and animals could be conditioned to have a: A) fear of loud noises. B) taste aversion. C) recurrence of a previously acquired fear. D) placebo response. A) fear of loud noises. B) taste aversion. C) recurrence of a previously acquired fear. D) placebo response. 187

9. According to the ___ perspective, mental processes are an important component in the learning of new behaviors. A) evolutionary B) cognitive C) biological D) analytic A) evolutionary B) cognitive C) biological D) analytic 184

10. Cognitive processes in classical conditioning have been demonstrated by Robert Rescorla when: A) light was used instead of tones. B) verbal instruction increased the effectiveness of the CS. C) tones did not predict the coming of the UCS. D) the CS was too complex and confusing. A) light was used instead of tones. B) verbal instruction increased the effectiveness of the CS. C) tones did not predict the coming of the UCS. D) the CS was too complex and confusing. 185

11. According to Thorndike’s Law of Effect, when responses are followed by something unpleasant, A) the response is strengthened. B) the unpleasant stimulus is avoided. C) the response is weakened. D) the CR is extinguished. A) the response is strengthened. B) the unpleasant stimulus is avoided. C) the response is weakened. D) the CR is extinguished. 190

12. In ____, a response is strengthened in order to avoid something unpleasant. A) punishment B) positive reinforcement C) partial reinforcement D) negative reinforcement A) punishment B) positive reinforcement C) partial reinforcement D) negative reinforcement 192

13. Even when punishment works, it has several drawbacks, including: A) punishment doesn’t teach the correct response. B) punishment may result in more anxiety, fear or hostility. C) effects may be temporary. D) all of the above. A) punishment doesn’t teach the correct response. B) punishment may result in more anxiety, fear or hostility. C) effects may be temporary. D) all of the above. 194

14. The best time to deliver a positive reinforcer is: A) immediately after the preferred behavior. B) during the preferred behavior. C) immediately after explaining the relationship to the preferred behavior. D) every time the behavior occurs for as long as you want it to continue. A) immediately after the preferred behavior. B) during the preferred behavior. C) immediately after explaining the relationship to the preferred behavior. D) every time the behavior occurs for as long as you want it to continue. 195

15. If you want to teach a pigeon to eat out of your hand, you would place some bird seed closer and closer to you until it finally had to come to your hand. This is called: A) intermittent reinforcement. B) shaping. C) partial reinforcement. D) successive approximations. A) intermittent reinforcement. B) shaping. C) partial reinforcement. D) successive approximations. 198

16. Aunt Tillie can’t stop putting quarters into the slot machine in the casino. Her behavior is difficult to extinguish because it is on a ____ schedule. A) fixed ratio B) variable interval C) variable ratio D) fixed interval A) fixed ratio B) variable interval C) variable ratio D) fixed interval 200

17. Janet has contracted to sell pies to a local restaurant. She is paid $20 for every three pies she delivers. Her reinforcement is on a ___ schedule. A) fixed interval B) fixed ratio C) variable ratio D) variable interval A) fixed interval B) fixed ratio C) variable ratio D) variable interval 200

18. According to Tolman, we can get to our destination even though there is a detour because of: A) detour signs. B) positive reinforcement. C) incidental learning. D) a cognitive map. A) detour signs. B) positive reinforcement. C) incidental learning. D) a cognitive map. 203

19. Football teams who were badly beaten in one game tended to perform worse than expected in the next game. This can be explained in terms of the ___ phenomenon. A) cognitive expectation B) punishment outcome C) negative reinforcement D) learned helplessness A) cognitive expectation B) punishment outcome C) negative reinforcement D) learned helplessness 205

20. If you wanted to reinforce behavior so that it would be most difficult to extinguish, you would use: A) a variable-ratio schedule. B) a fixed-ratio schedule. C) negative reinforcement. D) continuous reinforcement. A) a variable-ratio schedule. B) a fixed-ratio schedule. C) negative reinforcement. D) continuous reinforcement. 200

21. Albert Bandura contends that most human behavior: A) is acquired through observational learning. B) is shaped through repeated trial-and- error. C) is reinforced through positive conditioning. D) is planned out and not accidental. A) is acquired through observational learning. B) is shaped through repeated trial-and- error. C) is reinforced through positive conditioning. D) is planned out and not accidental. 207

22. In Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment, he demonstrated that: A) aggressive children will imitate aggressive behavior. B) children will imitate aggressive behavior just by observing it. C) children who are non-aggressive will not imitate aggressive behavior. D) children will imitate aggressive behavior if reinforced with candy. A) aggressive children will imitate aggressive behavior. B) children will imitate aggressive behavior just by observing it. C) children who are non-aggressive will not imitate aggressive behavior. D) children will imitate aggressive behavior if reinforced with candy. 208

23. Research on children viewing violence on TV is related to their own aggressive behavior in that: A) there is only a “modest” correlation. B) there is a positive and statistically significant correlation. C) there is no real correlation between the two. D) its effects are only temporary. A) there is only a “modest” correlation. B) there is a positive and statistically significant correlation. C) there is no real correlation between the two. D) its effects are only temporary. 211

24: Bandura suggests four cognitive processes interact to determine whether imitation will occur. The last one is: A) attention. B) remembering. C) motivation. D) action. A) attention. B) remembering. C) motivation. D) action. 208

25. What have researchers determined about the correlation of TV viewing and imitative behavior? A) We can decrease violence in our society if we decrease the amount of violence on TV. B) We can increase pro-social behavior if we increase the amount of it on TV. C) All of the above are true. D) None of the above are true; TV doesn’t change the way people are. A) We can decrease violence in our society if we decrease the amount of violence on TV. B) We can increase pro-social behavior if we increase the amount of it on TV. C) All of the above are true. D) None of the above are true; TV doesn’t change the way people are. 211

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Based on Discovering Psychology 4e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Worth Publishers, 2007 Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Based on Discovering Psychology 4e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Worth Publishers, 2007

AnswersAnswers 1.D 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.B 9.B 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.B 16.C 17.B 18.D 19.D 20.A 21.A 22.B 23.B 24.C 25.C