Capital Punishment History, Philosophical, Pragmatic & Biblical considerations.

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Capital Punishment History, Philosophical, Pragmatic & Biblical considerations

The execution of Carla Tucker in Texas in 1998.

The term “Capital” derives from the Latin caput, used by the Romans to refer to the head, the life or the civil rights of an individual. “Capital” punishment implies the idea of “extreme” penalty.

Practiced since the beginning of recorded history. Records from ancient Egypt indicate that criminals were sentenced to death as early as 1500 B.C. In the Old Testament, the law of Moses imposed the capital penalty for murder, blasphemy, adultery, homosexual and bestial intercourse, sorcery and witchcraft, cursing a parent and 11 other crimes. The Romans considered the death penalty to be a deterrent and publicly executed criminals by crucifixion, decapitation and burning. Attitudes among the church fathers were mixed. But Luther and Calvin both supported the practice. History (1)

In America, during the revolutionary period, most of the colonies considered murder, treason, piracy, arson, rape, robbery and burglary to be capital crimes. During the 20th century the greatest number of executions in the United States occurred in the period (~ 148 people / year). In 1976, in Gregg v. Georgia, the Court approved a new Georgia stature that justify the imposition of the capital penalty in circumstances including aircraft hijacking; treason; murder for hire; murder of a judicial officer, policeman, or fireman in line of duty; and murder by a person with a previous record of violent crime. History (2)

創 世 紀 9:6 凡 流 人 血 的 、 他 的 血 也 必 被 人 所 流 、 因 為 神 造 人 、 是 照 自 己 的 形 像 造 的 。 This is an imperative command, not a prediction of the future consequence. Deliberately killing a human being created in the image of God is to show contempt for God--the ultimate crime. 民 數 記 35:16 倘 若 人 用 鐵 器 打 人 、 以 致 打 死 、 他 就 是 故 殺 人 的 、 故 殺 人 的 必 被 治 死 。 35:17 若 用 可 以 打 死 人 的 石 頭 打 死 了 人 、 他 就 是 故 殺 人 的 、 故 殺 人 的 必 被 治 死 。 35:18 若 用 可 以 打 死 人 的 木 器 打 死 了 人 、 他 就 是 故 殺 人 的 、 故 殺 人 的 必 被 治 死 。 35:19 報 血 仇 的 、 必 親 自 殺 那 故 殺 人 的 、 一 遇 見 就 殺 他 。 35:20 人 若 因 怨 恨 把 人 推 倒 、 或 是 埋 伏 往 人 身 上 扔 物 、 以 致 於 死 、 35:21 或 是 因 仇 恨 用 手 打 人 、 以 致 於 死 、 那 打 人 的 、 必 被 治 死 。 他 是 故 殺 人 的 、 報 血 仇 的 一 遇 見 就 殺 他 。 Old Testament Support for Capital Punishment

In the Mosaic law the death penalty was prescribed for 18 different offenses: Murder; causing the death of a pregnant woman and her child; killing a person by a dangerous animal that had killed before; kidnapping; rape of a married woman; fornication; adultery; incest; homosexuality; sexual intercourse with an animal; striking a parent; cursing a parent; rebelling against parents; sorcery and witchcraft; cursing God; attempting to lead people to worship other gods; avenging a death despite acquittal by the law; intentionally giving false testimony against someone in jeopardy of the death penalty. The Mosaic Law 申 命 記 19:15 人 無 論 犯 甚 麼 罪 、 作 甚 麼 惡 、 不 可 憑 一 個 人 的 口 作 見 證 、 總 要 憑 兩 三 個 人 的 口 作 見 證 、 纔 可 定 案 。

The command given to Noah (Gen. 9 : 6) precedes the Mosaic law--a universal principle holds for all mankind in all ages. Mosaic Law: Ceremonial -- fulfilled by Jesus Christ Civil -- applies to Israel as a theocratic state Moral -- still upholds today The Applicability of the Mosaic Law If the Mosaic law is used as a justification for imposing the death penalty for murder, then why not for striking a parent or for cursing God?

John 7 : : 11 Did Jesus abrogated the death penalty, at least in cases of adultery? Scriptures in the New Testament (1) 申 命 記 22:22 若 遇 見 人 與 有 丈 夫 的 婦 人 行 淫 、 就 要 將 姦 夫 、 淫 婦 、 一 併 治 死 . 這 樣 、 就 把 那 惡 從 以 色 列 中 除 掉 。 22:23 若 有 處 女 已 經 許 配 丈 夫 、 有 人 在 城 裡 遇 見 他 、 與 他 行 淫 、 22:24 你 們 就 要 把 這 二 人 帶 到 本 城 門 、 用 石 頭 打 死 、 女 子 是 因 為 雖 在 城 裡 卻 沒 有 喊 叫 、 男 子 是 因 為 玷 污 別 人 的 妻 . 這 樣 、 就 把 那 惡 從 你 們 中 間 除 掉 。 Both the man and the woman guilty of adultery were to be subject to the capital penalty. Jesus challenged the scribes and Pharisees as faulty witnesses. The case was dismissed when no one remained to press charges.

In conclusion, the New Testament, including the teaching of Jesus, does not overturn the mandate given through Noah (Gen. 9 : 6), but presupposes its continuing validity for non-theocratic societies. Scriptures in the New Testament (2) Romans 13: In verse 4, the “sword” refers to the authority to impose capital punishment. - The failure of the governing authorities to apply the “sword” exalts evil and eradicates equity. 約 翰 19:10 彼 拉 多 說 、 你 不 對 我 說 話 麼 . 你 豈 不 知 我 有 權 柄 釋 放 你 、 也 有 權 柄 把 你 釘 十 字 架 麼 。 19:11 耶 穌 回 答 說 、 若 不 是 從 上 頭 賜 給 你 的 、 你 就 毫 無 權 柄 辦 我 . 所 以 把 我 交 給 你 的 那 人 、 罪 更 重 了 。 使 徒 行 傳 25:11 我 若 行 了 不 義 的 事 、 犯 了 甚 麼 該 死 的 罪 、 就 是 死 、 我 也 不 辭 . 他 們 所 告 我 的 事 若 都 不 實 、 就 沒 有 人 可 以 把 我 交 給 他 們 。 我 要 上 告 於 該 撒 。 Paul clearly presupposed that some crimes are worthy death.

Does capital punishment conflict with Jesus’ teachings on love, non-violence and forgiveness? Philosophical Considerations Justice requires the punishment of sins / crimes to restore a disturbed moral balance God’s plan of salvation is a perfect example demonstrating His love and justice-- God did not disregard the standards of justice, but He himself has satisfied those standards for us and taken our rightful punishment upon Himself in the person of His Son. One can be forgiven for one’s crimes but still must bear the consequences.

Counter: Cannot require perfection before the administration of criminal sanctions. Counter: Life imprisonment puts other lives at risk. Counter: Divided opinion on the deterrent effect of capital punishment. Pragmatic Considerations Argument 1: The intensity of a punishment should be just sufficient to deter. A life sentence would be a greater deterrent for murder. Argument 2: The death penalty is applied in a discriminatory and arbitrary fashion. Argument 3: The risk of executing an innocent person.