American History Chapter 18: World War II: Americans at War III. The Holocaust

Bell Ringer Define genocide. Besides the holocaust – when else has genocide occurred? What are some synonyms of holocaust?

Objectives In what ways did Germany persecute Jews in the 1930s? How did Germany's policies toward Jews develop from murder into genocide?

The Nazis r

Herman Goering Head of the police and Gestapo Head of the Luftwaffe

Rudolph Hess Deputy Fuhrer Crash landed in Britain in 1941 Murdered in Spandau prison in 1989

Heinrich Himmler Head of the SS

Ernst Roehm Head of SA

Joseph Goebbels Head of Propaganda

Martin Bormann Hitler’s Secretary

Albert Speer Minister of the Interior

A) Setting the Scene Aryans are German people Semites are Arabs and Jews 10)anti-Semitism: discrimination, hostility, and violence directed at Jews Quote 609

B) Persecution in Germany 1933 Hitler makes ant-Semitism the official policy of Germany 11)Holocaust: Nazi Germany's systematic murder of European Jews. 6 million Jews – 6 million other

a) Nazi Policies Boycotts of Jew businesses Nuremberg Laws took German citizenship Jews and non-Jews no marriage 1938 lost businesses Doctors and lawyers forbidden to work for non-Jews Identity cards – Sarah and Israel – letter J on clothing

b) Hitler’s Police SS – Schutzstaffel – “black shirts” Gestapo – German secret police 12)Concentration camps: place where political prisoners and “undesirables” are confined. Harsh. Communists, Jews, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witness, Gypsies, and homeless

c) Kristallnacht German thugs throughout Germany and Austria looted and destroyed Jewish stores, houses, and synagogues 13)Kristallnacht – night of broken glass Fined the Jews to pay for damage

d) Refugees Seek an Escape Jews tried to get out of Germany – allowed but most recaptured later US did not allow more Jews into country

C) From Murder to Genocide Ghettos – self contained areas surrounded by wall and guards where Jews forced to live 14) Warsaw Ghetto: ghetto in the capital of Poland for Jews

a) The Einsatzgruppen Special action squads/mobile killing squads Babi Yar – killed 33,000 Jews in 2 days 15)Wannsee Conference: where the final solution to the Jewish question was created 16)Genocide: deliberate destruction of an entire ethnic or cultural group

b) The Death Camps Zyklon B poison gas most efficient way to kill people 6 camps built in Poland – EZ 17)Death Camps – mass murder camps 2 biggest Auschwitz (1.5 mil) and Majdanek Young and old killed – rest worked to death Death chambers disguised as shower rooms Cruel medical experiments SS unit – Totenkopfverbande (Death Head Units) man the camps

c) Fighting Back 1943 uprising at Treblinka death camp closed it for days Warsaw Ghetto uprising – Jews received info that they were being killed – 50,000 Jews held out for 27 days

d) Rescue and Liberation US knew about camps by 1942 but did little Denmark – all 8,000 Jews smuggled out to Sweden 18)War Refugee Board: program that tried to help save people threatened by the Nazis US troops stumbled upon camps 19)Nuremberg Trials: international military tribune conducted by the allies that convicted Nazis of War crimesNuremberg Trials “following orders”

Review In what ways did Germany persecute Jews in the 1930s How did Germany’s polices toward Jews develop from murder into genocide?