Summer Teacher’s Refresher Training Topic: Coming of British in the Sub-Continent. Name: Mrs. Fouzia Minhaj. Subject: Social Studies. Class: 6 th Grade. Textbook: Social Studies for Class VI, Sind Textbook Board, Jamshoro. School: DAMHS Phase-IV

ARRIVAL OF BRITISH IN SOUTH ASIA “SYNOPSIS” o Why did British come to south Asia? o East India company. o Battle of Plassey. o Battle of Buxar. o Mysore wars. o War of Independence – 1857 o The Rule of the British crown.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Specific/short term aims: To understand the role of East India Company. To remember the facts and figures chronologically. To highlight the services rendered by the great Muslim personalities of the sub- continent, such as, Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and others. General/Long term aims: To develop inquisitiveness in reading history. To inculcate the habit of critically analyzing the events. Students should learn to draw lessons from history. To enable students to compare and contrast the events of the past with the contemporary situations. Unbiased thinking and value based education.

Why did the British come to South Asia? The British were not the first Europeans to come to South Asia. They too wanted to explore the rich nation that they had heard of from their neighboring states. Upon arriving in India they realized that the land was fertile, rich in spices, and was a thriving kingdom. South Asia was a large, unified kingdom, ruled by the Mughals who had an established system which was a great thing for the British because it would’ve made governing the land easier. The British found the region extremely lucrative in business and founded a trading monopoly with the consent of the ruling king. Because of its scale and size, the British found India to be a good place to do business and establish dominance over other European countries. At the time of the British arrival in South Asia, India was considered one of the richest empires in the World, with it contributing 22% to the world’s economy The region was also one of the most geographically viable options to trade and travel from other destinations in the world. Wikipedia: The Mughals

EAST INDIA COMPANY o In 1600, merchants of London, founded a company by the name of East India company and acquired the royal permission from Queen Elizabeth for trading in the eastern countries. o It’s task was to gather relevant information about the sub-continent and it’s economic potential. o In 1612, captain Best defeated the Portuguese. o In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe, the emissary of the King of England, King James-I, succeeded in gaining trading concessions for the East India company. o Mughal emperor, Jehangir, was the emperor of South Asia at that time. o The English developed Surat into a great trade centre. o By the beginning of the 18 th century, East India company had three important trading centres, Bombay, Madras and Calcutta.

BATTLE OF PLASSEY o After the death of Aurangzeb Alamgir in 1707, the Mughal empire began to crumble, and most of the Mughal provinces became independent. o In1756, Siraj-ud-Daula became the ruler of Bengal. o Manikchand was the commander-in-chief of Calcutta. o Mir Jaafar was a commander-in-chief of Murshidabad. o Siraj-ud-Daula ordered the European nations to dismantle the fortifications built around the factories. o French obeyed, while the English refused to do so. o Both the commander-in-chiefs of Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula, deceived him and stood along with the English. Continued…

… continued o Mir Jaafar was won over by the English on a promise of future rulership of Bengal. o Siraj-ud-Daula was arrested and killed by Mir Jaafar. Sir Clive meets Mir Jaafar at Battle of Plassey

OUTCOME OF BATTLE OF PLASSEY o After the death of Siraj-ud-Daula, the English practically became the rulers of Bengal. o Mir Jaafar was mere puppet. o He emptied the treasury due to the increased demands of the British. o In 1760, he was replaced by his son- in- law, Mir Qasim. Sir Clive on the roof top of Siraj-ud-Daula after defeating him.

BATTLE OF BUXAR o Battle of Buxar was fought in o Mir Qasim was a capable ruler and with the passage of time, he turned against the British. o He, with the cooperation of Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Oudh and Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II, combined their forces against the British. o The battle was bloody and decisive. Shuja-ud-Daula

o After occupying Bengal, Bihar and Orrisa, the East India company began to dream of ruling over the sub-continent. o At that time, their were three big powers in South India; o Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad Deccan and Hyder Ali of Mysore. o Out of these, Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan opposed the British and fought four wars with them. o They laid down their lives for the freedom of their country. The victory after the Battle of Buxar

OUTCOME OF BATTLE OF BUXAR o Nothing was known of Mir Qasim after this. o Shuja –ud- Daula fled back to OudhShah Alam II was at the mercy of the British. o Mir Jaafar was re-instated as the Ruler of Bengal. o Bengal, Bihar and Orrisa passed into the English hands.

FOUR MYSORE WARS o 1 st Mysore war:1767 A. c. col. Smith defeated Hyder Ali and Nizam. o 2 nd Mysore war: Hyder Ali died due to illness and Tipu Sultan continued the war. o 3 rd Mysore war:1790. Tipu Sultan was the greatest hurdle for the British.. In 1792, British besieged Seringapatam, Sultan’s capital. o 4 th Mysore war:1799. Tipu Sultan was martyred and it brought an end to the rule of the locals. o However, tipu Sultan became the a torchbearer and a great inspiration in the struggle against the British rule.

WAR OF INDEPENDENCE The English came to India as traders but now they had become the masters. They adopted harsh and insulting attitude towards the locals, which resulted in the resentment and mutiny against the British. Battle of Mysore War of Independence – 1857.

CAUSES OF WAR OF INDEPENDENCE Political cause: Annexation of territories and insulting behavior. Religious cause: Imposed Christianity forcibly. Military cause: Discontentment amongst the soldiers. Objectionable cartridges: Greased cartridges.

CAUSES OF FAILURE OF WAR OF INDEPENDENCE o Uprising was localized. o Lack of leadership. o Shortage of modern weapons. o No unified plan to fight with the enemy. o Educated Indians did not support the revolt. o Britisher’s were more disciplined in combat. o They had control over the seas.

EFFECTS OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE Indian revolt was ruthlessly suppressed. Punishments were severed. Revolt was uncoordinated and lacked leadership. As a direct result of 1857 war, East India company was disbanded and India came under the direct protection of the British crown in Muslims received irreparable setback. It laid the ground for a deeper nationalistic approach leading to the first expression of Indians yearning for freedom. Hindu-Muslim disunity came into observation amongst the locals. Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was sent as a prisoner to Rangoon. Only the muslims were held accountable for the war by the British.

THE RULE OF BRITISH CROWN o A number of Acts were passed to establish a constitutional structure. o British govt. promised religious tolerance to the people. o Western education and scientific knowledge made great progress during the British period, though it was confined to the cities only. o Educational institutions were opened at many places in the subcontinent. o Hindus progressed more than the Muslims. o Britishers deliberately tried to keep the Muslims backward in trade, education and other fields.

Conclusion After the War of Independence – 1857, the Muslims continued their efforts inspite of the countless hurdles the faced, they slowly and gradually moved for their achievement of their political rights. Illuminous names like Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Justice Amir Ali, Sir Aga Khan, Ali Brothers, Allama Iqbal and Quiad-e-Azam did their utmost for the welfare of Muslims In the South Asia.

Thank you.