The Revolutions of 1830

Nationalism Nationalism: belief that the political boundaries of countries should coincide with the ethnicity of their inhabitants Ethnicity defined by –Common language –Common history –Common culture Six key problem areas: –Italy –Germany –Austrian Empire –Balkan peninsula –Ireland –Poland Greek rebel soldier

Liberalism Liberalism: belief in enacting middle-class Enlightenment reforms, including constitutions, free press, toleration, increased franchise Abhorred mass rule and feared rule by lower class Opposed by landed aristocracy and gentry J.S. Mill’s “harm principle:” people can do what they please so long as they don’t harm others Pressured every European government to change John Stuart Mill, author of On Liberty

Conservatism Conservatism: stability should be maintained through alliance of hereditary monarchy, landed aristocracy, established church Chief governments espousing conservatism: Austria (Metternich) Russia (Alexander I) France (briefly under Charles X) Concert of Europe favored conservative order Metternich

Restoration Monarchy in France 1814: Bourbon Louis XVIII installed by Congress of Vienna Agreed to become constitutional monarch, under his own constitution French “Charter” (constitution) –Bicameral legislature of narrow, propertied franchise –Affirmed post-revolution property rights –Affirmed rights of Declaration of Man 1820: Assassination of royalist Duke of Berri led to conservative crackdown California gold miner

Greek Revolution 1821: Greeks rose up against Ottoman occupation Conservative anti-Liberal oppression in UK, France, Spain led to Liberal support of Greek movement Liberals saw revival of ancient Greek ideals in rebellion England, France, Russia demanded Greek independence: weaken Turkey 1830: Greek independence –forced by Great Powers –Autocratic Catholic Bavarian, Otto I made king; came to love Greece, his adopted country –Constitution granted in 1843 –Otto overthrown in 1862 Otto I

Russian Decembrist Revolt French Revolution ideals spread to Russian officers during Napoleonic wars Russian secret societies sought to spread ideas Nov 1825: Nicholas I succeeded Alex I in controversy, as Constantine refused position of tsar Moscow regiment refused to accept Nicholas: demanded Constantine and a constitution Crushed, but established idea of demanding political change in Russia

Other Revolutions Spain: 1820 –Ferdinand VII promised to accept constitution when he assumed power in 1814, but reneged –1820 officers rebelled to force use of a constitution; Ferdinand agreed Two Sicilies: 1820 –King in Naples accepted constitution Conservative Response – France occupied Spain to support non-constitutional monarchy –Austria invaded Sicilies to restore non- constitutional rule –Powers invaded to maintain conservative order, not to conquer –Latin America became independent during crisis Belgium –Congress of Vienna made Belgium part of Netherlands –1830 Belgians revolted –Independence grudgingly accepted by distracted powers

French Revolution of : ultraroyalist Charles X reigned, following death of Louis XVIII Dissolved legislature, reimbursed émigrés for lost lands, punished sacrilege with death, restored primogeniture 1830: French victory in Algeria created patriotism Charles issued “Four Ordinances”: restricted press, dissolved new Chamber, restricted franchise to the wealthiest Parisians rioted, 1800 died, and Charles abdicated Liberals created middle-class constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe Delacroix, commonly called 'Liberty Leading the People‘ Delacroix painted himself as the man wearing the top hat. Lady Liberty is portrayed in a mythical state, showing that she is more than a mortal woman.

English Great Reform Bill of 1832 England avoided revolution largely through cycle of resistance to change followed by gradual reform Catholic Emancipation Act allowed Catholic representation, avoiding conflict over Irish delegates Great Reform Bill (Whigs) –Eliminate rotten boroughs –New urban boroughs –Increased franchise by 50%, but property still required –Established precedent for future orderly reforms Earl Grey, Whig prime minister, responsible for Great Reform Bill

Conclusions Ideas of the French Revolution did affect Europe, even after Congress of Vienna Significant change only took place in UK, France, Greece, Serbia, Latin America, Belgium Nationalism, unleashed after Napoleon’s occupations, dramatically affected European politics and Europeans’ definition of themselves Conservative forces did not capitulate: oppression for the sake of stability and control of power continued through 1848