After the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815, what was the most pressing issue for Europeans?

Congress of Vienna and the re-establishment of the Conservative Order

Treaty of Paris – 1814 Battle of Leipzig Battle of Leipzig Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris Louis XVIII Louis XVIII six secret articles six secret articles

Congress of Vienna (Sept 1814 – Nov 1815) Major Players Prussia – Frederick William III Prussia – Frederick William III Prince Karl von Hardenberg Prince Karl von Hardenberg

Congress of Vienna (Sept 1814 – Nov 1815) Major Players Russia – Alexander I Russia – Alexander I

Congress of Vienna (Sept 1814 – Nov 1815) Major Players Great Britain – Robert Castlereagh Great Britain – Robert Castlereagh

Congress of Vienna (Sept 1814 – Nov 1815) Major Players Austria – Klemens von Metternich Austria – Klemens von Metternich

Congress of Vienna (Sept 1814 – Nov 1815) Major Players France – Charles de Talleyrand France – Charles de Talleyrand

European Balance of Power Boundaries of Europe were re-drawn – Prussia Boundaries of Europe were re-drawn – Prussia Balance of power would ensure peace Balance of power would ensure peace Competing national desires led to conflict Competing national desires led to conflict Russia = Poland Russia = Poland Prussia = Saxony Prussia = Saxony Compromise is made

Crusade Against Liberalism Metternich feared liberalism Metternich feared liberalism Creation of the Holy Alliance Creation of the Holy Alliance Austria Austria Prussia Prussia Russia Russia

Main Provisions of Congress France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon Russia was given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland) Prussia was given half of Saxony, parts of Poland, and other German territories A Germanic Confederation of 39 states (including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule

The German States after 1815

Main Provisions of Congress Austria was given back territory it had lost The House of Orange was given territory Norway and Sweden were joined The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed Hanover was enlarged Britain gained land Ferdinand I was restored in the Two Sicilies Slave trade was condemned

Europe 1815, after the Congress of Vienna

Legacies of the Congress Prevented major European outbreaks of war for forty years and no general war for nearly 100 years Prevented major European outbreaks of war for forty years and no general war for nearly 100 years Created the Concert of Europe – a series of meetings by major countries to find peaceful solutions Created the Concert of Europe – a series of meetings by major countries to find peaceful solutions Treaties made by states rather than by monarchs Treaties made by states rather than by monarchs

Criticism of the Congress Failed to recognize the power of : Failed to recognize the power of : Nationalism Nationalism Liberalism Liberalism Democracy Democracy These three ideas would dominate the 19th century

Metternich and Conservatism Two goals of Conservatism: Two goals of Conservatism: 1. International - maintain peace 2. Domestic - re-establish power of monarch and nobility Fear of liberalism Fear of liberalism

Directions Using KOT and the internet, research your revolution. Create a product to teach the revolution to the rest of the class. Include: Using KOT and the internet, research your revolution. Create a product to teach the revolution to the rest of the class. Include: major players, major players, Revolutionary “goals” Revolutionary “goals” Result of the Revolution Result of the Revolution Also note if any outside powers were involved. If so, analyze their involvement. Also note if any outside powers were involved. If so, analyze their involvement.

Intervention and Repression Quadruple Alliance Quadruple Alliance Aix-la-Chapelle (Quintuple Alliance) Aix-la-Chapelle (Quintuple Alliance) Due to these agreements and the leadership of Metternich, a series of military interventions occurred largely for maintaining the status quo and not territorial gain. Due to these agreements and the leadership of Metternich, a series of military interventions occurred largely for maintaining the status quo and not territorial gain.

Revolutions post-Vienna Spain – Spain – Two Sicily’s – Two Sicily’s – Russia – 1825 Russia – 1825 Greece – Greece – France France Belgium Belgium Poland – Poland –

Critics of Conservatism Nationalists Nationalists Popular Sovereignty Popular Sovereignty Liberals Liberals Who were the greatest critics of Conservatism? Why? Who were the greatest critics of Conservatism? Why?

Creating Nations Language was vital in creating the idea of “nation” Language was vital in creating the idea of “nation”

Meaning of Nationhood Nationhood was defined in a variety of ways Nationhood was defined in a variety of ways Problem- what ethnic group should be considered a nation? Problem- what ethnic group should be considered a nation? Regions of Nationalistic Pressure Regions of Nationalistic Pressure

Early 19th Century Political Liberalism Liberalism defined Liberalism defined Political Goals Political Goals Protect civil liberties Protect civil liberties Consent of the governed Consent of the governed Economic Goals of Liberals Economic Goals of Liberals More economic freedom (Adam Smith) More economic freedom (Adam Smith) Remove economic barriers Remove economic barriers Opposed gov’t set wages and guilds Opposed gov’t set wages and guilds

Relationship between Nationalists and Liberals Relationship between Nationalists and Liberals Goals really were NOT compatible Goals really were NOT compatible But, outcome was the same, rule of law by a “majority” of people But, outcome was the same, rule of law by a “majority” of people

Today Where are places with “Nationalistic” pressures? Where are places with “Nationalistic” pressures? Where are places with demands for more liberal governments? Where are places with demands for more liberal governments?

Revolution in France (1830) Louis XVIII (r ) Louis XVIII (r ) Constitutional Charter – 1814 Constitutional Charter – 1814 constitution that restored monarchy constitution that restored monarchy Ultra-royalists Ultra-royalists Chamber of Deputies elected in 1816 were very reactionary Chamber of Deputies elected in 1816 were very reactionary 1820 – Duke of Berri (son of duke of Artois) was murdered 1820 – Duke of Berri (son of duke of Artois) was murdered Series of repressive measures were enacted Series of repressive measures were enacted

Charles X (r ) tried to re-establish the old order tried to re-establish the old order 1830 elections were dominated by Liberals 1830 elections were dominated by Liberals Issued Four Ordinances Issued Four Ordinances The reaction was an immediate insurrection The reaction was an immediate insurrection August 2 – Charles X abdicated August 2 – Charles X abdicated

Louis Philippe (r ) accepted the Constitutional Charter but did little more than protect the rich upper middle class accepted the Constitutional Charter but did little more than protect the rich upper middle class called “king of French” instead of “king of France” called “king of French” instead of “king of France” was anticlerical, but also did not sympathize with working and lower class was anticlerical, but also did not sympathize with working and lower class

Resistance in Austria and Germany Dynastic Integrity of the Habsburg Empire Dynastic Integrity of the Habsburg Empire Empire was in jeopardy of being destroyed by nationalistic aspirations Empire was in jeopardy of being destroyed by nationalistic aspirations Germans, Hungarians, Czechs, Poles, Slovaks, and Slovenes Germans, Hungarians, Czechs, Poles, Slovaks, and Slovenes

Defeat of Prussian Reform 1815-Fredrick William III ( ) 1815-Fredrick William III ( ) Promised reforms after helping defeat Napoleon Promised reforms after helping defeat Napoleon

Student Nationalism Burchenschaften- student associations Burchenschaften- student associations loyalty towards idea of Germany loyalty towards idea of Germany often anti-Semitic often anti-Semitic 1817 – Celebration in Jena 1817 – Celebration in Jena

Carlsbad Decrees Dissolved Burchenschaften Dissolved Burchenschaften Censored press Censored press University Inspectors University Inspectors Final Act Final Act

Revolution in Russia Alexander I – reactionary Alexander I – reactionary Army became a bastion on secret societies dedicated to political, social and economic reforms Army became a bastion on secret societies dedicated to political, social and economic reforms 1825 – Alexander’s created two problems 1825 – Alexander’s created two problems 1. No direct heir 1. No direct heir 2. Revolt by soldiers 2. Revolt by soldiers

Unrest in Russia Dynastic Crisis Dynastic Crisis Brother Constantine had married a commoner and renounced claim to throne Brother Constantine had married a commoner and renounced claim to throne Nicholas was named as new tsar Nicholas was named as new tsar But some officers supported Constantine instead But some officers supported Constantine instead

Decembrist Revolt Dec. 26, 1825 Dec. 26, 1825 Army taking oath to support Nicholas Army taking oath to support Nicholas Moscow Regiment refused Moscow Regiment refused Demanded a constitution and rule of Constantine Demanded a constitution and rule of Constantine Cavalry and artillery ordered to attack – 60 killed and revolt ended Cavalry and artillery ordered to attack – 60 killed and revolt ended First Russian rebellion with clear goals: constitution, new leader and an end to serfdom. First Russian rebellion with clear goals: constitution, new leader and an end to serfdom.

Postwar Repression in Great Britain “high tide” of conservativism “high tide” of conservativism poor harvest in G.B poor harvest in G.B. Corn Laws Corn Laws 1816 – income tax repealed on wealthy 1816 – income tax repealed on wealthy Lower classes demand reform Lower classes demand reform

Peterloo Six Acts forbade large public meetings forbade large public meetings raised fines for seditious life raised fines for seditious life sped up trial of agitators sped up trial of agitators increased newspaper taxes increased newspaper taxes prohibited training armed groups prohibited training armed groups allowed for searches in homes allowed for searches in homes

Reform Bill of 1832 The House of Commons emerged as the major legislative body. The House of Commons emerged as the major legislative body. Catholic Emancipation Act Catholic Emancipation Act The new industrial areas of the country gained representation in Commons. The new industrial areas of the country gained representation in Commons. Many "rotten boroughs" were eliminated. Many "rotten boroughs" were eliminated. Increased # of voters by 50% (200,000 voters) Increased # of voters by 50% (200,000 voters)