Kagan, Ch. 20, pp

 General beliefs  Obedience to political authority (legitimate monarchy)  Organized religion was crucial to social order (established churches)  Landed aristocracies  Hated revolutionary upheavals  Unwilling to accept civil liberties, representative governments (constitutions), or nationalistic aspirations  State> individual – must be ordered and organized (tradition = best organizer)

 Specifically  France: Louis XVIII: keep the throne  England: Tory conservatives (pro Church and king) – preserve Old England  Metternich: leading Germany, Austria, Italy, Central Europe: Habsburg supremacy***  Russia: Alexander I --- too liberal for Met. – can he be converted?

 Secure dominance in  Austrian Empire  Italy  German Confederation (now 39 states)  Why must these minorities not be allowed to develop constitutions?

 Frederick William III, Prussia  1817 promised constitution BUT…created Council of State INSTEAD  1819 ultra-conservatives put in charge of military  1823 est. 8 provincial diets ▪ dominated by Junkers ▪ acted in advisory role only  Monarchy, army and Junkers revive old alliances to stave off nationalists as well as liberals

 Conservative control (Tories) in Great Britain under Lord Liverpool  Post war economic depression – wages fall  Corn Laws (1815) ▪ Prohibited importation of foreign grain unless domestic price rose above a certain levels – why is this problematic?  1816 income tax replaced with sales tax  Increased movement to suspend Poor Laws  Citizens call for Parliamentary reform (Cobbett, Cartwright, Hunt)  1817 Coercion Acts suspend habeas corpus, cracked down of “seditious gatherings”  1819 “Peterloo Massacre” St. Peter’s Field – 80,000 Manchester ▪ Pro universal suffrage, vs. Corn Laws – Soldiers fire! – 11 die ▪ (typical of conservative Lord Liverpool)  1819 Six Acts = repressive measures vs. radicals  1819, Cato Street Conspiracy

Louis XVIII, accepted Napoleonic Code; didn’t revoke property The Charter = bicameral legislature: Chamber of Peers (appointed) & Chamber of Deputies (elected) White Terror 1820 nephew (Duke de Berri) assassinated Charles X (aka Count of Artois), total absolutist, although promises 1827 to uphold the principle of ministerial responsibility

Austria ___________ France ___________ England ___________

 Quadruple and then Quintuple Alliances  maintain peace and balance of power in Europe  How would this be done?  Principle of Legitimacy  Principle of Intervention  Holy Alliance? – not so much BUT  Big Five would “interfere” in international disputes prior to Revolutions of 1848

After Vienna, no one acts without consent Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) Allies withdraw from France France enters “concert of Europe” Congress of Troppau (1820) Collective security vs. revolution Action vs. Spain / Naples (Eng vs. b/c of colonies!!!) Upholds Principles of Legitimacy & Intervention

Congress of Laibach (1821) Austria authorized to intervene in Naples then Piedmont Congress of Verona (1822) French army vs. Spanish revolutionaries Greece – national uprising vs. Turks