15.2 The Problems of Urbanization OBJECTIVES: Describe the movement of immigrants to cities and the opportunities they found there Explain how cities dealt with problems related to housing, transportation, water supply, and fire and police protection. Describe some of the organization and people who offered help to urban immigrants

Many African Americans moved North to cities like Detroit and Chicago By the early 1900s immigrant populations were overwhelming American cities More Poles in Chicago than in Warsaw! More Irish in New York than in Ireland! Many immigrants often lived in neighborhoods with others who shared their background This helped them adapt to the new culture Many African Americans moved North to cities like Detroit and Chicago

Immigration Problems Row houses became very popular Working class families were moving out of the city Dumbbell tenements were oddly shaped in include an air shaft Unfortunately people began to use them as a garbage disposal

Dumbbell Tenement

More Urban Problem PROBLEM: People can’t get to work Streetcars TRANSPORTATION WATER/SANITATION PROBLEM: People can’t get to work Streetcars Cable cars Subways Many tenements did not have fresh water Diseases were spread Horse manure in the streets sewage in the gutters foul smoke from factories

Urban Problems Lack of water Wooden dwellings 1853 – first paid fire dept. 1874 – first auto fire sprinkler 1844 – first organized police force Chicago Fire 1871

Poor neighborhood, Philadelphia, 1915 Scenes like this in the immigrant wards of America's great cities stirred middle-class reformers to action at the turn of the century. (Philadelphia City Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Library of Congress Family in an attic home with drying laundry]. CREATED/PUBLISHED [between 1900 and 1910] NOTES title devised by cataloger. Photograph of a photographic print. Possibly immigrants. Detroit Publishing Co. no. P 512. Gift; State Historical Society of Colorado; 1949

The Tenement Question--Inside and Out! Many city dwellers, especially immigrants, typically lived in tenements that were crowded and unsanitary. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

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REFORM Most mainstream or old line Protestant churches struggle to address plight of urban poor Catholicism thrives, founds schools and parishes SOCIAL GOSPEL is preached (vs. SOCIAL DARWINISM) Salvation Army, YMCA and Christian Scientists are formed in this milieu Jane Addams: Reformer, studies social ills, founds Hull House in Chicago in 1889 Settlement Houses are founded to provide assistance to poor and new immigrants Run largely by middle-class women reformers Provided aid and education

TERMS Urbanization Row houses Dumbbell tenement Social Gospel movement Settlement house Jane Addams OBJECTIVES: Describe the movement of immigrants to cities and the opportunities they found there Explain how cities dealt with problems related to housing, transportation, water supply, and fire and police protection. Describe some of the organization and people who offered help to urban immigrants