The Cold War (1945–1960) Chapter 19 America: Pathways to the Present Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 19: The Cold War (1945–1960) Section 1: Origins of the Cold War Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up Section 3: The Korean War Section 4: The Continuing Cold War Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

The Cold War Heats Up Chapter 19, Section 2 How did the Marshall Plan, the Berlin airlift, and NATO help to achieve American goals in postwar Europe? How did Communist advances affect American foreign policy? How did the Cold War affect American life at home?

The Marshall Plan Chapter 19, Section 2 The United States wanted to help European nations recover from the war and become economically strong democracies. It also wanted to prevent Communists from continuing to gain power in Europe. The Marshall Plan was created in 1947 by U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall as a means to achieve these goals. According to the Marshall Plan, participating nations would design recovery programs and would receive financial aid from the United States. Seventeen Western European nations joined the plan, receiving a total of $13 billion in aid.

The Berlin Airlift Chapter 19, Section 2 As part of the postwar division of Germany, the city of Berlin, located in Communist East Germany, was divided into West Berlin (capitalist) and East Berlin (Communist). In June 1948, Stalin banned all shipments to West Berlin through East Germany, creating a blockade which threatened to cut off supplies to the city. In response, Allied nations began the Berlin airlift, which delivered thousands of tons of food and other supplies to West Berlin via air. Although the Soviet blockade ended in May 1949, Berlin remained a focal point of Cold War conflict.

NATO Why create a treaty organization? Chapter 19, Section 2 Why create a treaty organization? Soviet vetoes prevented the United Nations from resolving a number of postwar problems. The United States sought to avoid the problems of post–World War I isolationism. The United States did not want to be the only nation in the Western Hemisphere committed to fighting communism. A Canadian role in the treaty organization would be vital. What was NATO? The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed in April 1949. In joining NATO, the United States, Canada, and ten Western European nations pledged to support one another against attack, a principle known as collective security. In response, the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite nations.

Communist Advances The Soviet Atomic Threat Chapter 19, Section 2 The Soviet Atomic Threat In September 1949, Truman announced that the Soviet Union had successfully tested an atomic bomb. In response, the United States began developing the even more powerful hydrogen bomb, reestablishing itself as the world’s leading nuclear power. The newly formed Federal Civil Defense Administration distributed information on how to survive a nuclear attack; this information was ridiculed by experts. China Falls to the Communists During World War II, competing factions in China had cooperated, but fighting between them resumed towards the end of the war. At first, the United States supported Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi against Communist Mao Zedong. However, the United States later decided to focus on Western Europe instead. Many Americans viewed Mao Zedong’s creation of a Communist state in China as a failure of Truman’s policies.

The Cold War at Home Chapter 19, Section 2 During the late 1940s, fear of Communist spies created a climate of suspicion in the United States. Truman established a federal employee loyalty program in 1947, checking the backgrounds of all new and existing federal employees. The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) began investigating Hollywood personalities who the committee claimed, had Communist leanings. When one group, known as the Hollywood Ten, refused to answer HUAC’s questions, they were cited for contempt of Congress and imprisoned. Hollywood studios compiled a blacklist, a list circulated to employers naming persons who should not be hired. Blacklisted individuals came from all sections of the industry and included anyone who seemed subversive.

The Cold War at Home Chapter 19, Section 2 Fueled by fears of disloyal immigrants from Communist countries, the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act reestablished the immigration quota system from 1924. This act discriminated against potential immigrants from Asia and Southern and Central Europe. Two famous spy cases reinforced fears that Soviet spies in the United States were sharing American secrets with foreign Communists. These were the cases of Alger Hiss and of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.

The Cold War Heats Up—Assessment Chapter 19, Section 2 Which of these phrases best describes NATO? (A) A collective security pact between the United States, Canada, and Western European nations (B) A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations (C) A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery (D) A regional group within the United Nations Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie industry? (A) Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial social problems. (B) Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted. (C) The McCarran-Walter Act was passed. (D) Pro-Soviet movies became popular. Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

The Cold War Heats Up—Assessment Chapter 19, Section 2 Which of these phrases best describes NATO? (A) A collective security pact between the United States, Canada, and Western European nations (B) A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations (C) A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery (D) A regional group within the United Nations Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie industry? (A) Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial social problems. (B) Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted. (C) The McCarran-Walter Act was passed. (D) Pro-Soviet movies became popular. Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!