Ashiana Sheffield Ltd Trafficked Women SWWOP

Trafficking "Trafficking in persons" shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs; "Trafficking in persons" shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs; (Palermo Protocol, 2000) (Palermo Protocol, 2000)

Human Trafficking Trafficking is the movement of people by means of the threat or use of force, deception, coercion or deception. It is an abuse of power or position of vulnerability or the giving or receiving of payment or benefit to gain control over another person. Trafficking is typically for the purposes of sexual exploitation (through prostitution), forced labour, domestic servitude, slavery or the removal of organs.

External / Cross-Border Different yet Similar

Victim Identification Flow Chart for Adults (18 and over) Means Purpose Facilitation Recruitment Transportation Transfer Harbouring Receipt Threat or use of force Coercion Abduction Abuse of a position of vulnerability Abuse of power Deception Fraud Giving or receiving payments of benefits to achieve consent of a person having control over another person by means ofFor the purpose of Forced labour or services Slavery or practices similar to slavery Prostitution or other forms of sexual violence Removal of organs Servitude

National Referral Mechanism Mechanism whereby women identified as potential victims of trafficking receive support Reasonable Grounds decision 45 day Reflection and Recovery period Conclusive Grounds decision Leave to Remain?

Women’s experiences of transportation and trauma Kidnapped Betrayal by family member or acquaintance Lack of basics – food, drink, rest, warmth Life threatening travel routes – crossing borders illegally, dangerous modes of transport Loss of identity (e.g. Passport taken away) Long journeys, multiple trafficking Lack of safe human contact

Women’s experiences - exploitation Physical violence Physical violence Physical deprivation Physical deprivation Physical illness and injury Physical illness and injury Lack of access to health care Lack of access to health care Illegal and forced abortions Illegal and forced abortions Forced sex, rape, sexual assault by pimps Forced sex, rape, sexual assault by pimps Threats, lies, deception Threats, lies, deception Debt bondage Debt bondage Drug and alcohol abuse Drug and alcohol abuse Isolation – language, culture, family Isolation – language, culture, family No freedom of movement. No freedom of movement.

Fear and Reprisals Fear of punishment Fear of punishment Fear of deportation Fear of deportation Fear of retribution Fear of retribution Fear of authorities Fear of authorities Fear of not being understood Fear of not being understood Fear for family safety Fear for family safety Fear of pimp / trafficker Fear of pimp / trafficker

Impact on Physical Health Fatigue Fatigue Weight Loss / Loss of Appetite Weight Loss / Loss of Appetite Headaches Headaches Dizzy Spells Dizzy Spells Poor Memory Poor Memory Back Pain Back Pain Joint / Muscle Pain Joint / Muscle Pain Fractures / Sprains Fractures / Sprains Facial Injuries Facial Injuries Dental Problems Dental Problems Skin Infections Skin Infections Sexual / Reproductive Health Pelvic Pain Pain on Urination Vaginal Discharge Vaginal Pain Vaginal Bleeding (not menstruation) Gynaecological Infections Irregular / Painful Periods

Impacts on Mental Health Restless & agitated Insomnia / lethargy Substance dependency Eating disorders Frequent crying Impatience & Irritability Unmotivated Lack of sexual interest Poor concentration Self-blame / guilt Negative thoughts Despairing Feeling hopeless Loneliness Pessimism Suicidal ideation Self-harming

Impact-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Images / dreams / flashbacks Selective amnesia Anxiety Nightmares / disturbed sleep Social withdrawal /dissociation Avoidance of trauma triggers Easily startled

Trafficked Persons Understanding Mindset Frequently women : Do not speak English and are unfamiliar with UK culture. Do not speak English and are unfamiliar with UK culture. Confined to room or small space to work, eat, sleep. Confined to room or small space to work, eat, sleep. Fear, distrust police, government and health care providers. Fear, distrust police, government and health care providers. Are not aware that they are a victim of crime. Are not aware that they are a victim of crime. Do not consider themselves victims. Do not consider themselves victims. Blame themselves for their situations. Blame themselves for their situations. May develop loyalties, positive feelings toward trafficker as coping mechanism (Stockholm Syndrome). May develop loyalties, positive feelings toward trafficker as coping mechanism (Stockholm Syndrome). May try to protect trafficker from authorities. May try to protect trafficker from authorities. Do not know where they are, because traffickers move them frequently to escape detection. Do not know where they are, because traffickers move them frequently to escape detection. Fear for safety of family in home country. Fear for safety of family in home country.

Ashiana Emotional support Emotional support Trafficking report – UKHTC / UKBA Trafficking report – UKHTC / UKBA Support with asylum claims Support with asylum claims GU Med – sexual health GU Med – sexual health CHC – physical health, counselling CHC – physical health, counselling Access to education and training Access to education and training Support into interim / NASS accommodation Support into interim / NASS accommodation Resettlement support Resettlement support

SWWOP Women exploited through street prostition Women exploited through street prostition Outreach Outreach Crisis Intervention Crisis Intervention Recovery and Exit Recovery and Exit

Best Practice Building relationship of trust: Building relationship of trust: It is widely acknowledged that speaking of traumatic events outside a relationship of trust and safety can lead to a deterioration in mental health and an increase in trauma-related symptoms.

Best Practice Other important messages to convey: Understand it takes time Understand it takes time Recognise the impacts Recognise the impacts Don’t judge Don’t judge Your safety is our first priority Your safety is our first priority We are here to help you We are here to help you We believe you We believe you We will support you how you need to be supported We will support you how you need to be supported We want to make sure that what happened to you doesn’t happen to anyone else We want to make sure that what happened to you doesn’t happen to anyone else

Points to consider – way forward Importance of specialist, consistent support for the women Importance of specialist, consistent support for the women Further partnership working to improve support to the women Further partnership working to improve support to the women Keep dialogue open between agencies Keep dialogue open between agencies Share expertise, new trends etc Share expertise, new trends etc Recognition of each others responsibilities towards trafficked women Recognition of each others responsibilities towards trafficked women Support for the continued funding of specialist services, both voluntary and public sector Support for the continued funding of specialist services, both voluntary and public sector

Points to consider – way forward Importance of raising awareness: Importance of raising awareness: Hugely important that we become more familiar with how to recognise and respond to victims of trafficking. Failure to identify and respond appropriately causes secondary victimisation and compounds the victims’ trauma.

Contact Details Ashiana Rachel Mullan-Feroze – Service Manager SWWOP