Lecturer: Miljen Matijašević G10, room 6/I, Tue 11:30-12:30 Session 5, 19 Nov 2013

1. Revision of the previous sessions ◦ Vocabulary exercises ◦ Revision questions ◦ Translation practice 2. The Article

Separation of Powers Legal Systems Sources and Varieties of English Law Statute Law in Britain

1. _______ is another word for duress, which means forcing someone to do something. 2. Law is a system of rules with a certain social _______. 3. Failure to _______ to the law may lead to penalties. 4. When you break the law, this is called a(n) _______. 5. The legislature enacts laws and the courts _______ them. 6. Laws are _______ by governments. They also reserve the right to punish _______ which can be interpreted as _______, which means disregard, or violation of the law.

1. COERCION is another word for duress, which means forcing someone to do something. 2. Law is a system of rules with a certain social PURPOSE. 3. Failure to CONFORM to the law may lead to penalties. 4. When you break the law, this is called a(n) INFRACTION. 5. The legislature enacts laws and the courts ENFORCE them. 6. Laws are IMPOSED by governments. They also reserve the right to punish CONDUCT which can be interpreted as NEGLECT, which means disregard, or violation of the law.

1. _______ is a matter of international criminal law. 2. Equity provides alternative legal _______ to those of _______ law courts. 3. _______ law is the opposite of procedural (adjectival) law. 4. Common law can refer to the legal system or only one of four _______ of English law. 5. Signing international _______ is a matter of international public law. 6. The English law includes laws based on customs, judicial _______ and laws _______ by Parliament.

1. EXTRADITION is a matter of international criminal law. 2. Equity provides alternative legal REMEDIES to those of COMMON law courts. 3. SUBSTANTIVE law is the opposite of procedural (adjectival) law. 4. Common law can refer to the legal system or only one of four SOURCES of English law. 5. Signing international TREATIES is a matter of international public law. 6. The English law includes laws based on customs, judicial PRECEDENTS and laws ENACTED by Parliament.

 The four sources of English law are common law, e_________, s________ law and EU law.  Common law was introduced after the invasion of the Norman French in __________ (year!).  The following areas of law are considered public law: a__________ law, c__________ law, c__________ law and r__________ law.

 The four sources of English law are common law, equity, statute law and EU law.  Common law was introduced after the invasion of the Norman French in 1066 (year!).  The following areas of law are considered public law: administrative law, constitutional law, criminal law and revenue law.

 The British Parliament consists of the s__________ (the Queen), the House of __________, and the House of __________. They debate b __________ and if both Houses approve, the Queen must give the R_________ A__________ before it can become an A________ of Parliament.

 The British Parliament consists of the sovereign (the Queen), the House of Commons, and the House of Lords. They debate bills and if both Houses approve, the Queen must give the Royal Assent before it can become an Act of Parliament.

1. What is Her Majesty’s Government? 2. What is the Queen in Parliament? 3. Who are MPs and peers? 4. What are the two tasks the Queen performs in Parliament? 5. Why does the Commons have more power? 6. What is a bill and what types do you know?

The division between public and private law is considered very important in English law. Generally speaking, private law includes those areas of law involving private citizens, while public law is that area of law in which the state has a direct interest. Thus public law is generally considered to consist of administrative and constitutional law. Revenue law and criminal law might be added to this. But still there remains some ambiguity, as for example in the case of an ordinary civil action (breach of contract) against a public authority.

Podjela na javno i privatno pravo smatra se veoma važnom u engleskom pravu. Općenito govoreći, privatno pravo uključuje ona područja prava koja se tiču privatnih osoba, dok je javno pravo područje prava u kojem država ima izravan interes. Stoga se općenito smatra da javno pravo uključuje upravno i ustavno pravo. Tu možemo dodati porezno i kazneno pravo. No još uvijek postoje nejasnoće, kao u primjeru obične gra đ anske parnice (kršenje ugovora) pokrenute protiv javnog tijela.

(a, an, the, Ø)

 ABSTRACT ◦ love, knowledge, fear, patience  CONCRETE ◦ wood, computer, shoe, book  COUNTABLE – singular, plural  UNCOUNTABLE – singular

NounIndefinite articleDefinite article COUNTABLE singulara (an)the COUNTABLE plural Ø the UNCOUNTABLE Ø the

 The indefinite article generally means ‘one’ or ‘any’, e.g. I saw a (one) girl in the park. Please, give me a (any) pen.  We use it when we introduce something mentioned for the first time, as long as it is a concrete and countable noun in singular;  Discuss these examples: 1. I bought sugar, biscuits and an apple. 2. He wanted power, not money. 3. A student left the room. The student was crying.

1. I bought sugar, biscuits and an apple. Only ‘apple’ is a singular, concrete and countable noun. ‘Sugar’ is concrete but uncountable, ‘biscuits’ is concrete and countable, but plural. 2. He wanted power, not money. Power is an abstract noun, power is a concrete uncountable noun. 3. A student left the room. The student was crying. ‘Student’ in the first sentence is mentioned for the first time, but in the second the reader knows which student is referred to, therefore, the definite article is used.

 Used for all kinds of nouns when the reader knows which thing(s) or person(s) is/are referred to. They were either mentioned earlier in the text, are obvious from the context, or there is only one of it in general. Both the speaker and the interlocutor know which one is talked about.  Discuss these examples: 1. The President gave a speech. 2. I’m afraid I lost the money you gave me. 3. ‘Pass the salt, please!’

1. The President gave a speech. It is obvious that it is the president of the given country, and there is only one. 2. I’m afraid I lost the money you gave me. ‘ Money’ is not abstract here. It is THE money that you gave me. 3. ‘Pass the salt, please!’ Not salt in general, but the salt on the table.

 The article is omitted before abstract nouns, uncountable nouns, and plural concrete nouns used in the general sense.  Discuss these examples: 1. Women talk more than men. 2. Love is all you need. 3. Sugar is sweet.

Nouns are often followed by a phrase giving us more information on the noun. Generally speaking, the definite article defines the noun (which one?) and the indefinite article describes it (what kind? what like?) Look at the following examples: 1. I saw a boy with blue eyes. 2. I saw the girl with brown eyes.

Look at the following examples: 1. I saw a boy with blue eyes. (I saw one boy who had blue eyes – the blue eyes are a description) 2. I saw the girl with brown eyes. (I saw that girl with brown eyes you told me about, or – there was only one girl with brown eyes – the brown eyes define her)

Summary: - the indefinite article ‘a’ comes from the word ‘one’ and, therefore, cannot stand with a plural noun or with an uncountable noun (it can often be replaced by ‘one’ or ‘any’) - the definite article ‘the’ does not depend on the number or countability. It denotes a specific concept, person or thing (it can often be replaced by ‘this’ or ‘that’, or sometimes ‘all’). - the zero article is used with general plural or uncountable nouns, or with abstract nouns used in general terms

 Discuss the difference in the meaning of the noun in the following pairs of sentences: 1.I ate a sandwich. I ate the sandwich. 2.A man you love was there. The man you love was there. 3. There is a Mr. Jones here to see you. There is Mr. Jones here to see you.

1.I ate a sandwich. (one sandwich) I ate the sandwich. (the sandwich you know about) 2.A man you love was there. (you love many men, one of them was there) The man you love was there. (you love one man and he was there) 3. There is a Mr. Jones here to see you. (‘some Mr. Jones’, a man called Jones, I don’t know who he is) There is Mr. Jones here to see you. (Mr. Jones is here to see you, no added meaning)

When.... crime is first discovered,.... police often don’t know who has done it or why. Usually, though,.... person who has committed.... crime will have left some evidence of their identity at.... scene such as.... footprint,.... blood, or.... fibres from.... clothing. This evidence often forms.... basis of any case against.... suspect who.... police may take to.... court.

When A crime is first discovered, THE police often don’t know who has done it or why. Usually, though, THE person who has committed THE crime will have left some evidence of their identity at THE scene such as A footprint, / blood, or / fibres from / clothing. This evidence often forms THE basis of any case against A suspect who THE police may take to / court.

Thank you for your attention!