Pertemuan 4 Membangun Teknologi Informasi Matakuliah: H0402/PENGELOLAAN SISTEM KOMPUTER Tahun: 2005 Versi: 1/0

Learning Outcomes Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa akan mampu : Menjelaskan metodologi pengembangan teknologi informasi, metodologi pembelian sistem aplikasi serta penerapan end user computing

Outline Materi Mengembangkan Sistem Aplikasi Membeli Sistem Aplikasi Memfasilitasi User menggunakan komputer untuk mengembangkan sistem aplikasi

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC) DEFINITION PHASE: –Feasibility analysis –Requirement definition CONSTRUCTION PHASE: –System design –System building –System testing IMPLEMENTATION PHASE: –Installation –Operations –Maintenance *

PROTOTYPING LIFE CYCLE 1.IDENTIFY REQUIREMENTS 2.DEVELOP INITIAL PROTOTYPE 3.USE PROTOTYPE, NOTE CHANGES 4.REVISE, ENHANCE PROTOTYPE: Return to Step 3 as needed 5.EVALUATE OPERATIONAL SYSTEM 6.MAKE CHANGES OR ABANDON 7.INSTALL, OPERATE, MAINTAIN *

JOINT APPLICATION DESIGN (JAD) TECHNIQUE INVOLVING TEAM OF USERS, IS SPECIALISTS INTENSE, STRUCTURED PROCESS DEVELOP REQUIREMENTS OR REVIEW DESIGN PROPOSAL CAN LAST HOURS, DAYS, OFTEN AT LOCATION REMOVED FROM WORKPLACE *

COMPUTER-AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (CASE) COLLECTION OF SOFTWARE TOOLS TO AUTOMATE SDLC PROCESSES: DIAGRAMMING TOOLS COMPUTER DISPLAY, REPORT GENERATORS ANALYSIS TOOLS CENTRAL REPOSITORY DOCUMENTATION GENERATORS CODE GENERATORS *

RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT (RAD) HYBRID OF SDLC, PROTOTYPING, JAD, CASE PRODUCE SYSTEM IN 6 MONTHS OR LESS STEPS: –PLANNING –USER DESIGN –CONSTRUCTION –IMPLEMENTATION (CUTOVER) *

OBJECT-ORIENTED METHODS (O-O) HOLD GREAT PROMISE TO PRODUCE BETTER SYSTEMS AT LESS COST OBJECTS HIGHLY COHESIVE, LOOSELY COUPLED, REUSABLE CAN REDUCE ERRORS, IMPROVE MAINTENANCE *

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC) PROTOTYPING PURCHASED SOFTWARE OUTSOURCING (SYSTEMS INTEGRATOR) END USER DEVELOPMENT *

MAKE-OR -BUY DECISION ASSESS RISKS & BENEFITS MAKE: Use SDLC, prototyping, RAD if organization has IS skills. Can save cost, speed implementation BUY: If vendor offers acceptable product and required support at lower cost, faster time than in-house development could provide. Usually system must be modified to meet organization’s needs *

THE PURCHASING PROCESS DEFINITION PHASE CONSTRUCTION PHASE IMPLEMENTATION PHASE

REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL (RFP) DOCUMENT SENT TO POTENTIAL VENDORS INVITING THEM TO SUBMIT A PROPOSAL TO FURNISH A SYSTEM PROVIDES DETAILED INFORMATION ABOUT THE DESIRED SYSTEM, ITS ENVIRONMENT, MATERIAL REQUIRED FROM VENDOR, AND GENERAL CRITERIA USED TO EVALUATE PROPOSALS *

SAMPLE CONTENTS OF RFP 1.INTRODUCTION 2.GUIDELINES FOR RESPONSE 3.REQUIREMENTS 4.COSTS 5.SIGNATURE PAGE

MATCHING COMPANY NEEDS WITH PACKAGE CAPABILITIES PACKAGE CAPABILITIES COMPANY NEEDS IDENTIFY DISCREPANCIES CHOOSE ALTERNATIVES MODIFY PACKAGE CHANGE COMPANY LIVE WITH PROBLEMS

ROLES FOR PURCHASING PACKAGED APPLICATIONS PROJECT MANAGER: Manages process, responsible for the success of the project, may be user but IS expertise required VENDOR: Must be responsive to customer’s needs PURCHASING SPECIALIST: Helps prepare RFP, assist in entire process ATTORNEYS: Oversee writing, approval of contract *

END-USER COMPUTING HANDS-ON USE OF COMPUTERS BY EMPLOYEES ENTER DATA MAKE INQUIRIES PREPARE REPORTS PERFORM STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ANALYZE PROBLEMS DEVELOP WEB PAGES *

PRIMARY DRIVERS AVAILABILITY OF LOW-COST MICROCOMPUTERS: –HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES –COMPUTER LITERACY AMONG COLLEGE GRADUATES, PROFESSIONALS INCREASED USER FRUSTRATIONS ABOUT NEW PROJECT BACKLOGS *

USER APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT USE OF COMPUTER TOOLS DEVELOP BUSINESS APPLICATIONS USERS ARE NOT IS SPECIALISTS INVOLVES APPLICATION, TOOL & DEVELOPER

GUIDELINES FOR CHOOSING DEVELOPMENT PROCESS DEVELOPED FOR OTHER USERS DEVELOPED FOR SELF USER ONLY SMALL, SIMPLE LARGE, COMPLEX 1. SDLC OR PROTOTYPING, DISCIPLINED APPROACH TO DEFINITION & IMPLEMENTATION 2. SDLC, CLEAR “HANDS-OFF” BETWEEN PHASES 3. “COLLAPSED” LIFE CYCLE 4. DISCIPLINED, ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT

LEVERAGING END-USER COMPUTING CONTEXT: CONTEXT: ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL FACTORS DEPARTMENTAL LEVEL FACTORS STATUS OF IS/USER PARTNERSHIP ORGANIZATION LEVEL SUPPORT & CONTROL ACTIONS STRATEGY TECHNOLOGY INDIVIDUAL LEVEL DEVELOPMENTPROCESS TASK TOOL USER DEVELOPER *Based on Branceau & Brown, 1993

ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL STRATEGY: Strategic objectives and approach to end-user computing TECHNOLOGY: Range & accessibility of end- user tools SUPPORT & CONTROL ACTIONS: Support services, control policies & procedures *

Mengembangkan Sistem Aplikasi Membeli Sistem Aplikasi Memfasilitasi User menggunakan komputer untuk mengembangkan sistem aplikasi Membangun Teknologi Informasi