Chapter 5: Primates

Primate Video

Primate Characteristics After the video; what are primate Characteristics: _________________

Characteristics of Primates: Hands & Feet on hands/feet Opposable thumb:_________ Partially opposable ________ _______ on all or some digits Fingerprints: _____________ (not identifying)

Characteristics of Primates Shortened snout __________ Primates have great vision. stereo vision : Spot in back of eye.

Vision All primates rely heavily on vision – Color vision in. – Point to Ponder: Why would this be an adaptive trait? (hint: think environment)_____________________________ __________

Stereoscopic vision – Stereoscopic vision Eyes in front of skull, overlapping fields of vision Accurate 3-D vision ______________________ __________________ ?_____________________ ___________________

I. Limbs & Locomotion Tendency towards _________________ But, primates utilize a number of types of locomotion – Bipedal: _____________ – Brachiation: __________ – _________________

Question to Ponder Why are Human Feet different? ______________________ _________________

II. Diet & Teeth – most primates are generalized feeders eating a wide variety of foods Therefore, primates have a ______________________________

Four types of teeth: generalized for an omnivorous diet.

Diet & Teeth Although some primates prefer some food items over others, most_______________ __________________________________. – Some do eat meat (chimps & baboons) – Some are leaf specialists (Colobine monkey)

III. Senses & Brain ______________ __________ reduced Complex brain

IV. Maturation and Learning As placental mammals, primates have relatively ________________________ Also have _____ offspring, delayed maturation, ________________ than other mammals Greater ____________ on _______________

Ultimate mom video

V. Behaviors Tend to be ___________ _____________________ in behavior Tend to live in ____________ In many primate social groups, __________________________ – unusual among mammals.

Tool use

SURVEY OF LIVING PRIMATES

Three types of primates _________ (pre-monkeys) ________ (Old World and New World) _______

Geographical Distribution

Two Suborders _____________ – Lemurs, Lorises, Tarsiers ________________ – Monkeys, Apes, Humans

Lemur and Loris ____________________ Greater reliance on _________ (long snouts) Mark territory with ________ ______________________________ ______________ & maturation

Lemurs _______________ Many ________ species (diversified in absence of competing primates) Became _______ in other areas

Lemurs : Over 100 species Range in size from 5”, 2 oz. to +2’, 22 lbs ________ lemurs are ________, omnivorous _________ lemurs are _________, insectivores Many forms are _______ Live in ______________ ____________________

Lorises Similar in appearance to __________ ______________________ (Sri Lanka, India, SE Asia, Africa) Survived by adopting _________________ – Competition avoidance with monkeys

Lorises Slow, climbing form of quadrupedalism ______________ active vertical _________ and leapers Almost _______________ _____________________ Supplemented with ____ ______________________

Tarsiers ______________ SE Asia Mated pair Diet: ______________ vertebrates they catch by leaping from branches

Anthropoids (monkeys, apes, H.s) – Generally ___________ body – Larger brains in absolute and relative size – Increased reliance on _________ – Fully forward placed eyes; greater degree of color vision – less specialized ____________ – longer gestation; _____________; increased parental care – More ___________________

Monkeys ~ ________ of all primates are monkeys Two types: – ___________

New World Monkeys Almost exclusively _________ New World monkeys are the only monkeys with ________ _______________ __________ Two Groups: – Callitrichidae – Cebidae

Callitrichids: Marmosets and Tamarins Tamarins

Tamarins: Endangered

___________ and Tamarins Most _______ monkeys – Retain _____ instead of nails – _______ rather than single births – Family groups Mated pair 2 males & 1 female Males very much involved in infant care

Cebids: New World Monkeys Larger than callitrichids _____________ Diet varies with combo of ________________ Flat noses

Cebids: New World Monkeys Some examples are__________________ __________________________________

____________________: Cercopithecines and Colobines

Cercopithecines: Baboons and Macaques ______________ than Colobines (eat leaves) More _____________ – Cheek pouches to store food while foraging – Most found in ___________ – Except the Japanese macaques

Colobines ____________ _________ monkey exclusive to Africa _________ found in Asia _________ in Borneo rue&persist_safety_mode=1 rue&persist_safety_mode=1 ue&persist_safety_mode=1 ue&persist_safety_mode=1

Hominoids (apes & humans) Super-family includes: – Less apes: _____________________________ – Great apes:_____________________________ – Humans (family Hominidae)

Hominoids: Our human ancestors

Gibbons & Siamangs Tropical SE_______ Extremely _________ ________________ ________ fingers ___________ thumbs Powerful shoulder muscles

Gibbons & Siamangs Monogamous pairs Lack of ___________ __________________ Males share equally in child care ____________ are very territorial

Orangutans __________________ Almost completely ________ ______________ animals Mainly ______________ Very large – (males = _______, females = _________) – orangutan-island-orangutans- walking-upright.html orangutan-island-orangutans- walking-upright.html

Gorillas __________ of living primate Knuckle walkers Exclusively _____________ Marked ________________ Males = ________, females ________. __________---__: Silverback male & harem2 2 species (____________________ _____________________) Mountain gorillas : 620 left in the wild and none in zoos.

Chimps Equatorial Africa 2 species ( 5 groups ) Also_________________ Large social groups with no single, dominant male ________________, but not as pronounced as gorillas and organutans. ______________ (even will kill for meat)

Bonobos _______________are another species of chimps More arboreal, more_____________ Humans and chimps can have ____% similar _______ depending on which nucleotides are counted and which are excluded: That’s still big, 5 million base pair difference!!!!!

Quiz nimals/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey.htm nimals/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey.htm