BROADCAST SPECTRUM CHALLENGE Engr. Yomi Bolarinwa FNSE,MIEEE,MSBE Broadcast Engineer

PREAMBLE The justification for regulation of broadcasting worldwide is based on the finite nature and universality of the electromagnetic spectrum. This makes the need to understand the dynamics of the spectrum a key issue in policy formulation for Broadcasting.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM The EM Spectrum is the complete range of electromagnetic radiation from the longest radio waves (wavelength 105 metres) to the shortest gamma radiation (wavelength 10-13 metre) The entire range of electromagnetic radiation. At one end of the spectrum are gamma rays, which have the shortest wavelengths and high frequencies. At the other end are radio waves, which have the longest wavelengths and low frequencies. Visible light is near the center of the spectrum.

EMS2 The electromagnetic spectrum is made up of a family of electromagnetic radiation that includes radio waves, infrared (radiated heat), visible light, ultraviolet, and gamma rays.

RADIO FREQUENCY SPECTRUM Radio spectrum refers to the part of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to radio frequencies. Radio Spectrum is the range of frequencies from 3kHz to 300GHz.

RADIO FRQUENCY TABLE CLASSIFICATION FREQUENCY BAND APPLICATION Very Low Frequency 3 KHz to 30 KHz Long range navigation , (VLF) sonar Low Frequency 30 KHz to 300 KHz Navigational aids, radio (LF) beacons Medium Frequency 300 KHz to 3 MHz Maritime radio, AM radio (MF) broadcasting High Frequency 3 MHz to 30 MHz Telephone, fax, AM- SW (HF) broadcasting, rescue Very High Frequency 30 MHz to 300 MHz VHF-TV and FM- sound (VHF) broadcast, police Ultra High Frequency 300 MHz to 3 GHz UHF-TV broadcasts, satellite (UHF) and mobile Super High Frequency 3 GHz to 30 GHz Microwave link, radar ,land, (SHF) mobile communications Extremely High Frequency 30 GHz to 300 GHz Railroad service, radar, (EHF) landing system

SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines Spectrum management as: “the combination of administrative and technical procedures necessary to ensure the efficient operation of radiocommunication services without causing harmful interference

SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT Spectrum Management process involves: Analysis of potential interference problems Keeping an effective data base of frequency assignments Controlling the level of manmade noise Planning for future use of the spectrum

RADIO SPECTRUM Presently, it encompasses a rising number of Radio communication services like: National Security Public Safety Broadcasting Research Business and Industrial Communications Aeronautical and Maritime Communications and Navigation Personal Communications

RADIO SPECTRUM The RF spectrum is a resource limited by technology and management capability. Great capacity can be found within the spectrum if it is properly organized, developed and regulated. To obtain the benefits of this natural resource each country must develop methods to manage the spectrum to ensure efficient and effective coordination between different services and to meet the immediate and long- term demand by existing and new radio communication services.

BROADCASTING BANDS LF – MF BANDS FOR AM MEDIUM WAVE RADIO BROADCASTING HF – BAND FOR SHORT WAVE AM RADIO BROADCASTING VHF – BAND FOR FM RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING UHF – BAND FOR TELEVISION BROADCASTING L – BAND FOR TELEVISION (SHARED BAND ) S, C, KU – BANDS FOR SATELLITE BROADCAST SERVICES.

BROADCASTING BAND SPECTRUM Medium Frequency (MF) or Medium Wave (MW) AM-Radio 510 – 1605KHz High Frequency (HF) or Short Wave (SW) AM-Radio 5900 – 26500KHz Very High Frequency (VHF) or Band I (TV Ch. 2-4) 47 – 69MHz Very High Frequency (VHF) or Band II (FM-Radio) 88 – 108MHz Very High Frequency (VHF) or Band II (TV Ch. 5-12) 174- 230MHz Ultra High Frequency (UHF) or Band II (TV Ch. 21-34) 470- 582MHz Ultra High Frequency (UHF) or Band II (TV Ch. 35-60) 582-790MHz Direct Broadcast Satellite, Radio (L-Band) 1467-1492MHz Microwave Multipoint Distribution System (MMDS) 2.52- 2.67GHz Direct Broadcast Satellite, Television (C-Band) down-link 3.4 – 4.2GHz Direct Broadcast Satellite , Television (C-Band) up-link 5.845-6.645GHz Direct Broadcast Satellite , Television (KU-Band) down-link 11.45-12.75GHz Direct Broadcast Satellite , Television (KU-Band) up-link 13.75-14.50GHz

Changes to BS WRC-07 allocated the band 790-862 MHz to the mobile, except aeronautical mobile, service on a primary basis in Region 1 and identified this band for IMT in Regions 1 and 3. The generic allocation will come into force from 17 June 2015 in Region 1 (footnote 5.316B ).

Changes to BS WRC12 made Further allocation of 694 – 790 MHz for mobile services The issue of extension of the Mobile allocation to the band 694 – 790 MHz has been adopted as an agenda item for WRC-15

Implications Channels 61 to 69 on the UHF Television band are no longer available Channels 50 to 59 on the UHF Television band are no longer available Re-planning of frequency allocation for UHF broadcasting not to exceed channel 48 by the regulator Absence of protection for analogue use of frequency after 2015 Coordination with neighbouring countries

New Technology Platform For TV Broadcasting Today's consumers of broadcast content, expect to watch linear and non-linear broadcast content anytime, any where and on any audiovisual device. This trend is fully recognised and supported to the extent possible by most broadcasters today

New Technology Platform FOR TV Broadcasting At the last meeting of ITU Study Group 6 in November 2013, Prof Krivocheev stated that “modern requirements of broadcasting are cardinally different from the initial ones. The media and the means of production, transmission and reception of information and interactive signals are significantly expanded: terrestrial and satellite broadcasting, cable TV, broadcasting in fixed and mobile telecommunication networks, important role of internet, cloud technologies, etc.”

Points to ponder Modern requirements for digital TV and multimedia broadcasting are radically different from the traditional ones, and traditional requirements do not reflect the latest international decisions as well as the actual and future technological progress. Due to interactive “info-communication”, the users can take an active part in the way programmes are received on the base of personal preferences and selected for convenient viewing time. These possibilities of the viewers influence TV and multimedia broadcasting strategy and the associated info-communication services as never before. The intensive development of broadband access, the wide penetration of the internet and its applications significantly enhance the users possibilities to receive and consume various type of video content.

Points To Ponder Wi max Interactive television Internet protocol television – IPTV. Transmission to hand held devices. Internet television Video on Demand (VoD)

CONCLUSION As the broadcast spectrum “shrinks”, broadcasters will find it difficult to introduce new services which promise to use up more of the spectrum in the dynamic digital era. Technologies like the HDTV, SHDTV (developed in Japan), 3DTV, Object Wave TV (beyond SHDTV), etc will require more bandwidth for effective operation DAB is presently using band III of the UHF band. Further erosion of the UHF band is expected in 2015 With a change in attitude towards spectrum, there must also be a change in broadcast policy and mode of licensing broadcasters.

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