Elsevier - Value in Content Ewa Kittel-Prejs Journals Publishing Director Eastern Europe Elsevier Moscow, 24-26th September 2013

Agenda Quick historic introduction of Elsevier STM publishing – an overview Publishing cycle and key Investments How Investments & Innovations result in meeting the key Needs of our Customers: Quality Preservation Efficiency Value & Costs Access Developing Content - Role of a Publisher

Elsevier has a long history of scientific publishing Introduction Elsevier has a long history of scientific publishing The Publishing House of Elzevir was first established in 1580 by Lowys (Louis) Elzevir at the University of Leiden, Holland Keeping to the tradition of publishing established by Lowys Elzevir, Jacobus George Robbers established the modern Elsevier Company in 1880 Among those authors who published with Elsevier are Galileo, Erasmus, Descartes, Alexander Fleming, Julius Verne

In 1638 Elzevir published Galileo Galilei’s greatest work Introduction In 1638 Elzevir published Galileo Galilei’s greatest work Galileo published his “Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno a due nuoue scienze“ - his last work – with Elzevir despite being banned by the Inquisition and is recognized as the first important work of modern physics The publication of “Gray’s Anatomy” in 1858 was a landmark for the study of the human anatomy and in many ways for the whole of medicine The publication of the book, edited by Sir Alexander Fleming, about a revolutionary new antibiotic, “Penicillin: Its Practical Application” in 1946

Elsevier Mission Statement About Elsevier Elsevier Mission Statement Elsevier is committed to making genuine contributions to the science and health communities by providing: World-Class Information Elsevier publishes trusted, leading-edge Scientific, Technical and Medical (STM) information – pushing the frontiers and fuelling a continuous cycle of exploration, discovery and application. Global Dissemination Elsevier disseminates and preserves STM literature to meet the information needs of the world’s present and future scientists and clinicians – linking thinkers with ideas. Innovative Tools Elsevier develops electronic tools that demonstrably improve the productivity and outcomes of those we serve – we are dedicated to helping them make a difference. Working Together Elsevier works in partnership with the communities we serve to advance scholarship and improve lives. This interrelationship is expressed in our company’s Latin motto, Non Solus, "not alone". Elsevier publishes over 2500 journals covering 25% of the STM authors market. Through ScienceDirect 10 million scientists and researchers have desktop access to a service offering over 11 million journal articles. In 2004, Elsevier launched its new abstract & indexing database, Scopus, which covers 17,000 journals from all key STM publishers. To do this we: Maintain sales in 180+ countries. Employ over 7,000 people in 62 offices in 26 countries of whom 1000 are based in The Netherlands. 

STM publishing – a highly efficient and innovative sector Global STM market is worth more than $ 20 billion (Outsell) STM industry employs (directly) 100,000 globally; 1/3 in the EU Over 2,000 publishers publish 1.4 m articles p.a. in 23,000 journals Researcher numbers, and articles, increase 3-4% p.a. globally Major investment in digitalization: >95% of articles now online Average cost of publishing about $ 3,500 per article Cost of access per article falling to less than 1-2 Euro

Share of Journal Articles Published Our Scientific Disciplines Article Share Share of Journal Articles Published Our Scientific Disciplines Environmental Sciences Earth Sciences 26% Others Social Sciences Elsevier Life sciences 25% Maths & computer science Others Physics Wiley-Blackwell Health sciences Chemistry & Chemical Engineering APS IOP Springer IEEE Taylor & Francis AIP ACS Materials Science & Engineering Wolters Kluwer Over one million English language research articles published globally each year 300,000 English language research articles published with Elsevier today

Journal publishing volume Introduction Journal publishing volume 1,000 new editors per year 25-40 new journals per year 600,000+ article submissions per year Solicit and manage submissions Manage peer review Production Publish and disseminate Edit and prepare Archive and promote Organise editorial boards Launch new specialist journals 500,000 referees 1 million referee reports per year 11 million articles available 40%-90% of articles rejected 10 million researchers 4,500+ institutions 180+ countries 500 million downloads per year 2.8 million print pages per year 7,000 editors 70,000 editorial board members 6.5 million author/publisher communications per year 300,000 new articles produced per year 180 years of back issues scanned, processed and data-tagged

Journal publishing investments – innovative tools In total, we have invested over €300 million in E-publishing technology & distribution since 2000 Solicit and manage submissions €15 million Archive and promote €40 million Manage peer review €200 million Publish and disseminate Edit and prepare eJournal Backfiles eReference Works Production €40 million Electronic Warehouse €15 million Production Tracking System €5 million

Peer review process twice as fast as before Self help Customer support 15 m invested 4 m/yr to maintain Phone Tutorials Call back Elsevier supports Editors Live chat Pro-active chat Ethics Tools Additional Tools (free for Editors, Reviewers!) Artwork Check Reference Linking Accepted articles Core EES 600,000 submissions 40%-90% rejections 500,000 reviewers Infrastructure and operations

As a result of the investments and innovation: We are geared towards meeting the key needs of our customers

Meeting our Customers Needs What matters to our customers? Where are we now? 1. Quality Extremely high standards of quality control and integrity 96% of researchers regard Peer Review as important CrossCheck: cross publishers effort to fight plagiarism 2. Preservation Definitively published research is preserved in perpetuity 11 million articles on SD, The Lancet to 1826 Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB), Portico, CLOCKSS 3. Efficiency Significant increases in researcher productivity since 1999 Researchers read 25%+ articles from 2x more journals than in print era Continuing improvements in value for money Moderating price increases: Elsevier 5.5% for last 5 years (lowest quartile) absorbing inflation (3%), growth in articles published (3-4%), usage (20%/yr) E-licensing terms: many journals at substantially less than print list price Effective pice per article (or title) dramatically reduced 4. Value and costs Dramatic increases in access levels since 1999 EU libraries: 3x-10x more journals via ScienceDirect 90+% of researchers have access to about 90+% of STM journal content in almost all EU member states Our customers list access to journals as 1 their top priority Excellent free access to biomedical, agricultural and environmental literature (7000 journals) for 114 lower GDP nations: Research4Life programme 5. Access STM on a very positive trajectory since E-(r)evolution began in 1999 Question: how to progress even further without undermining current high standards for researchers

Quality – as measured by the Impact Factor The Impact Factor is the oldest and most familiar citation indicator, which approximates the average number of citations per recent paper for a journal.  

Quality – as measured by the Impact Factor The Lancet and Cell – two top Elsevier journals ranked in the top 20 2011 JCR list, out of 8288 titles in total  

Long-term content preservation Elsevier’s Digitized Backfiles / E-journals e.g. Lancet – volume 1, number 1, from 1823 Elsevier led the establishment of an online, official, trusted third party archive at the Royal Library of the Netherlands. Developed similar arrangements with other organizations 1st official archive 2nd official archive 3rd official archive

Value to the customers: expanded content & usage Elsevier articles published Thousands 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 150 200 250 300 Articles on ScienceDirect Millions 10 8 6 4 2 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 ScienceDirect article downloads Millions 500 400 300 200 100 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008E Add remaining backfiles, books, major reference works and primary research data – eBooks, lab data and visuals on ScienceDirect Launch new journals, expanded newsletters – 25-40 new journals per year (depending on the field), Increase volume with research and development growth – 3-4% article growth per year

Elsevier’s record of access initiatives Elsevier adopted ‘green’ Author Posting Policy Elsevier launched WiserWIki Elsevier adopted a sponsored article program for more than 40 journals Elsevier established agreement with MIT on including material in OpenCourseWare Elsevier allows all NIH authors to deposit author manuscript to appear on PMC after 12 months Founding partner of Research4Life, providing research to developing nations Elsevier launched OncologySTAT Cell Press makes content available to non-subscribers after 12 months Elsevier launches Patient Research Elsevier established agreement with H. Hughes M.I. Founding participant in PatientINFORM Elsevier-Wellcome Trust agreement Elsevier adopted ScienceDirect walk in policy Elsevier establishes GDP-based pricing Founding member of PEER 1998 Jan 2002 Jan 2003 Jan 2004 Jan 2005 Jan 2006 Jan 2007 Jan 2008 Jan 2009

Research4Life: Access for developing countries WHO initiative provides access to the major journals in biomedical and related social sciences. FAO initiative provides access to journals in the agriculture, biological, and social sciences. UNEP initiative provides access to major journals in the environmental sciences. Elsevier provides free/very low cost access to more than 1,000 of its journals to public institutions in over 100 developing countries.

Developing Content – Role of a Publisher

Gutenberg and Moveable Type Founding of the House of Elzevir Origins of Scholarly Publishing 1439 Gutenberg and Moveable Type Henry Oldenburg (1618- 1677) Founding editor and commercial publisher of the first scientific journal The origins of journal publishing as we know them trace their roots to over 300 years ago. With the invention of moveable type by Gutenberg in the Middle Ages, the ability to create multiple, bulk copies of literature was possible. Religious and liturgical manuscripts were the first types of documents to be copied. Elzevir was a Dutch family that sold and published books. Our current company, Elsevier, is not a direct descendant of this original family. But our company took their name in honor as we began our business in the late 1800s. Journal publishing, as we know it, first occurred in 1665. The Royal Society in the UK saw the need to record the findings and transactions of their scientific discoveries. Henry Oldenburg, appointed (joint) Secretary to the Royal Society in 1663 and an indefatigable correspondent with major scientists of his day, began the practice of sending submitted manuscripts to experts who could judge their quality before publication. He then took the initiative to edit the first issue of the “Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society”, considered the first scholarly journal. [Note: Le Journal de Sçavans was founded in Paris a few months earlier and can be considered the first journal although this was a digest of book reviews, news and scholarly activity] 1580 Founding of the House of Elzevir 6th March 1665 “Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society” First true scholarly journal

Establishment of Scientific Publishing Fundamentals Registration The timestamp to officially note who submitted scientific results first Certification Perform peer-review to ensure the validity and integrity of submissions These 4 roles of the publisher were established by the Royal Society then, but are still fundamental today. The methods used to carry out these tasks are evolving, but the roles remain unchanged. Dissemination Provide a medium for discoveries and findings to be shared Oldenburg saw four roles that the journal served for the Society: REGISTRATION: [We must be] very careful of registering as well the person and time of any new matter.., as the matter itselfe; whereby the honor of ye invention will be inviolably preserved to all posterity. [Oldenburg, 24 November 1664] The publisher acts as an independent, neutral third party to track the minutes of science. 2. CERTIFICATION: “[Phil. Trans. should be] licensed under the charter by the Council of the Society, being first reviewed by some of the members of the same.” [R.Soc. Order in Council 1/3/1665] The publisher provides the stamp of approval and is a final guarantor of quality by actively managing editors and editorial boards. 3. DISSEMINATION: all Ingenious men will be thereby incouraged to impart their knowledge and discoveryes [Oldenburg, 3 December 1664] Publishers provide for the fundamental journal production and distribution. 4. PRESSERVATION: [I should not] neglect the opportunity of having some of my Memoirs preserv’d, by being incorporated into a Collection, that is like to be as lasting as usefull [Boyle, 1665] Publishers preserve and archive the record of science. The original four roles of the publisher have endured for over 300 years to the present day. Although we may use different methods to carry out these roles, they remain fundamentally unchanged. Preservation Preserving the minutes and record of science for posterity

Innovation & Technology The Publisher’s Role Registration Certification Dissemination Preservation Use Innovation & Technology If we take a modern look at publishers, they still fulfill the four roles set forth by Oldenburg as well as what could be considered a fifth, which is promoting and facilitating the “Use” of scholarly information. Increasingly, publishers are investing in innovation and technology to find new methods to carry out these five roles. I’ll provide more examples in the slides ahead. The result of these investments and efforts is that publishers coordinate the communication and exchange of ideas between different players in the scientific and medical research communities. Publishers coordinate the exchange of ideas between authors, editors, reviewers, and the wider STM audience of researchers, scientists, health professionals, students, and patients.

70,000 editorial board members Who We Serve Publishers support the greater scientific and health communities Researchers Health Practitioners Faculty & Students Pharma Companies Librarians Societies Engineers Professionals Elsevier’s Global Publishing Network 7,000 editors 70,000 editorial board members 300,000+ referees 600,000+ authors And who are those players that publishers serve? The list includes: 1. Researchers 2. Health Practitioners 3. Faculty & Students 4. Pharma Companies 5. Librarians 6. Societies 7. Engineers 8. Professionals In Elsevier’s case, we have a publishing network to support these constituencies that includes over 7000 editors, 70000 editorial board members, and deal with and support some 300,000 referees, and over 600000 authors annually . This gives you a better idea of the scale of the amount of publishing that occurs in our industry. [Note: These are annual numbers only. The total constituency we serve is much bigger – ca 25-30 million researchers, practitioners and students worldwide]

How do we do what we do? Section Title page

Physical/Online Publication What is a Journal? Not just a “magazine” Peer-review process Production process Physical/Online Publication

The Journal Publishing Cycle Organise editorial boards Launch new specialist journals Solicit and manage submissions Manage peer review Archive and promote use Publish and disseminate Edit and prepare This visual gives you a better idea of the journal publishing cycle and the different steps that publishers must manage along the way: Organize editorial boards to be able to launch new journal titles Promote the journal to solicit submissions and then manage those submissions Manage the peer review process Edit and prepare accepted manuscripts Produce the manuscripts Publish the articles and disseminate them Archive the journal volumes and promote their use Let me first go into the submissions and peer review steps in the cycle. Production

The costs of managing the peer-review process are borne by publishers The essential filter used to separate science from speculation and to determine scientific quality Peer review helps to determine the validity, significance and originality of research Helps to improve the quality of papers Publication in peer-reviewed journals protects the author’s work and claim to authorship Publishers have ensured the sustainability of journals and the peer-review system for over 300 years First, it is important to note that after managing the submission of articles, the peer review process is a very large and complex, but very important undertaking. Peer review has become the filter that is used to evaluate the quality, comment on validity, judge the significance and determine originality of research. The process also helps to improve the quality of the paper [Note: In a recent study by the publishing research consortium, over 90% of authors agreed that peer review improved the quality of their paper] Publication in a peer reviewed journal protects the author’s work and his or her claim to authorship. Publishers have been the ones to uphold this system and ensure the sustainability of the journal for over 300 years now. More specifically, publishers serve two key roles for peer review. Very importantly, they bear the cost of managing the process [Note: while the input and time of referees is usually pro bono, there are significant costs to managing the process efficiently]. Secondly, they operate independently and are not prone to prejudice or favour. The costs of managing the peer-review process are borne by publishers Publishers stand outside the academic process and are not prone to prejudice or favour

Background on Peer Review Cornerstone of the whole scholarly publication system Maintains integrity in the advancement of science Well-established process over 300 years old 1. Peer review serves as a lynchpin or cornerstone of the scholarly publication system. This is because it effectively subjects an author’s work to the scrutiny of other experts in the field. Thus, it encourages authors to strive for a high quality of research that will advance the field. 2. It supports and maintains integrity and quality in the advancement of science. It is a testament to the power of peer review that a scientific hypothesis or statement presented to the world is largely ignored by the scholarly community unless it is first published in a peer-reviewed journal. We see this further supported by the fact that ISI considers only journals that are peer-reviewed as candidates to receive Impact Factors. 3. It is a well established process which has been a formal part of scientific communication for over 300 years. The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1665) is credited as being the first journal to formalize the peer review process as the Council of the Society reviewed papers and approved their being printed in each issue.

Editor Peer Review has two key functions: What is Peer Review? Acts as a filter by ensuring only good research is published. Helps to determine validity, significance and originality Improves the quality of the research submitted for publication by giving reviewers the opportunity to suggest improvements Pre-Submission Peer Review Production Publication Post Publication Authors Reviewers Editor The diagram to the right shows how peer review is a vital component of the publication process that starts with authors submitting papers. The editors manage this cycle and relay suitable manuscripts to the reviewers to conduct the peer review. The peer review serves two purposes. The first is to act as a filter to ensure that good, high-quality research is being published. In doing so it helps to determine the validity, significance and originality of research The second purpose is to improve the quality of the research papers. This is done through the comments the reviewers send to the authors.

Online Peer Review Systems Online systems can handle hundreds of thousands of submissions and reviews per year Online peer review systems accept online submissions and allow for online peer-review Many publishers have developed online peer review systems. In Elsevier’s case, we have invested to develop the Elsevier Editorial System. EES facilitates the submission and peer-review processes for authors, reviewers, and editors with its online features. EES handles close to 500,000 submissions and over 600,000 reviews per year after an initial $15m investment. Since its development, the time taken to review has almost halved. [Note for presenter: Not all Elsevier journals are on EES so the total number of submissions to Elsevier is higher than 400k. In total Elsevier handles >500,000 submissions and an estimated 800,000 reviews annually. Not every submission is peer reviewed. Editors and editorial offices filter out/reject on average around 20% of submissions on scope or poor quality or technical issues) Some publishers also provide further services in their online peer review systems. For instance, Elsevier has linked the manuscript’s references with abstracts in Scopus, allowing editors and reviewers to assess the quality of the paper and check the author’s claims. In general, online systems help editors reduce the amount of time it takes to review a paper, helps editors source for appropriate reviewers, and allows for reviews to be done globally by editors and reviewers from different regions. Elsevier is working on a new EES system that will allow an even more efficient review process. It will also contain anti-plagiarism software that will detect copied text and notify editors.

Online Peer Review Systems Many publishers have developed online peer review systems. In Elsevier’s case, we have invested to develop the Elsevier Editorial System. EES facilitates the submission and peer-review processes for authors, reviewers, and editors with its online features. EES handles close to 500,000 submissions and over 600,000 reviews per year after an initial $15m investment. Since its development, the time taken to review has almost halved. [Note for presenter: Not all Elsevier journals are on EES so the total number of submissions to Elsevier is higher than 400k. In total Elsevier handles >500,000 submissions and an estimated 800,000 reviews annually. Not every submission is peer reviewed. Editors and editorial offices filter out/reject on average around 20% of submissions on scope or poor quality or technical issues) Some publishers also provide further services in their online peer review systems. For instance, Elsevier has linked the manuscript’s references with abstracts in Scopus, allowing editors and reviewers to assess the quality of the paper and check the author’s claims. In general, online systems help editors reduce the amount of time it takes to review a paper, helps editors source for appropriate reviewers, and allows for reviews to be done globally by editors and reviewers from different regions. Elsevier is working on a new EES system that will allow an even more efficient review process. It will also contain anti-plagiarism software that will detect copied text and notify editors.

The Journal Publishing Cycle Organise editorial boards Launch new specialist journals Solicit and manage submissions Manage peer review Archive and promote use Publish and disseminate Edit and prepare The next major steps in the journal publishing cycle are the editing, preparation, and production stages. Production

Published as Print Copy Published as HTML or PDF Journal Article Production Copy editing, Author Proofing, Preparation for publishing 3. Document 4. Published Journal Article Author Submits Manuscript Manuscript Accepted Logo, pagination, branding 1. Preprint 2. Accepted Author Manuscript Electronic Warehouse Published as Print Copy Published as HTML or PDF The article production process is usually more complex than most people think and includes many steps along the way. After the manuscript is accepted via peer review, publishers undertake the copyediting, proofing, formatting, branding, pagination, and logo affiliation. These tasks are not as simple as might be expected. Metadata and identifiers need to be added to papers. Artwork quality needs to be checked and enhanced. The manuscript needs to be converted to XML and the artwork needs to be converted. The text itself needs to be edited, structured, and enhanced. In Elsevier’s case, an XML format for the article is then deposited in our EW, Electronic Warehouse. From here, the article can then be published as an online HTML or PDF or it can be published as a print copy For Elsevier, this was a $20m investment, but it has been worth it since we publish close to 300,000 articles every year and have also digitized 180 years of backfile articles. Publishers can create an Electronic Warehouse and other electronic production tools to quicken production times These tools require heavy investments, but they can process hundreds of thousands of articles and maintain digitized backfiles

The Journal Publishing Cycle Organise editorial boards Launch new specialist journals Solicit and manage submissions Manage peer review Archive and promote use Publish and disseminate Edit and prepare Next, let me talk a bit about the efforts that publishers undergo to disseminate their content, which is becoming an increasingly more important role in the digital age. Production

Traditional Print Journals Methods of Publication Dissemination Text Bullet 1 Bullet 2 Traditional Print Journals AND Electronic Journal Platforms like Elsevier’s ScienceDirect improve online dissemination and access Traditionally, scientific research has been communicated through print journals and these still continue to be widely used and circulated. Increasingly, publishers are publishing online and establishing dedicated platforms to host all of their journal content. For Elsevier, we created ScienceDirect as our platform after $200m of investment. Not only does a platform like ScienceDirect allow for someone to access articles from ANY of our journals, it also allows us to develop productivity enhancing solutions like linking between articles and references, searching for articles, and providing lists of related articles. [Note 100% of Elsevier journals are available online]

Other Methods of Dissemination Ad-Supported Portals Pay-per-View Sponsored access Open Access Podcast Blogs Mobile devices Point-of-care reference tools But publisher efforts do not stop with electronic journal platforms. Many publishers are experimenting with other methods of dissemination such as advertising-supported models. In Elsevier’s case, we have created a portal specific to oncology where oncology news and research are aggregated. Pay per view methods are also used as opposed to journal subscriptions. Online publishing allows for single articles to be accessed. In our case, we embedded the Pay-per-view option within ScienceDirect itself. Elsevier allows authors to pay a fee to have the articles published and freely available Mobile applications are being considered. Our flagship journal, The Lancet, offers podcast summaries of issues, mobile feeds of articles, and blogs of the latest research initiatives. And finally, especially for point-of-care reference, we have enabled scientific information to be delivered to Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) devices through our product FirstConsult.

Product examples: Article of the future

Apps on ScienceDirect

Apps on ScienceDirect

Mobile applications

Sobotta on iPad

Hot off the press‘; recently launched Video Journal of GI Endoscopy

iPad apps for your journal/for your society Journal/society-branded native app for iPad Device independend app under consideration PDF plus full HTML Issues plus Articles in Press A&E integration Investment needed

The Journal Publishing Cycle Organise editorial boards Launch new specialist journals Solicit and manage submissions Manage peer review Archive and promote use Publish and disseminate Edit and prepare Finally, let me touch up on the last step in the journal publishing cycle: archiving and promoting the use of the articles. Production

Promoting Research Information Use Abstract & Index Databases Workflow & Research Tools Scientific Search Engines Patient Use Point of Care Decision Making Collaborative Research Networks Users can identify if they are a patient in need of medical information after searching for an article Publishers are taking full advantage of the internet and developing and innovating new products to facilitate research and promote new uses of scientific information Abstract and index databases are great ways for researchers to trace the latest trends in their field. Our database, Scopus, allows users to search for articles among 33 million different records across thousands of publishers. Publishers have developed workflow and research tools that use the bulk of scientific research as a content base from which the most relevant and pertinent information can be delivered to a user. For instance, our product Illumin8 uses semantic indexing to search for the most relevant solutions to a researcher’s information needs. Scientific search engines have been developed to search across the many online platforms and repositories of content. Our product in this area is Scirus. To facilitate patient use of research, we have developed an initiative called Patient Research that allows users on the internet to easily and cheaply purchase articles after indicating that they are a medical patient. For point of care decision making, information needs to be delivered quickly and publishers have developed tools that retrieve this information. One example I can use is Clinical Pharmacology which lets a pharmacist know if there will be any interactions between particular drugs a user is prescribed.

Examples: Datamining

How do publisher contributions help improve the science and health communities? Section Title Page

Improving productivity To better understand your attitudes towards scholarly publishing please indicate how much you agree or disagree with the following statement: “Compared to 5 years ago I now spend more time reading and analysing research articles rather than finding them”  Significant difference between subset and total  Scientists can now spend more time analyzing information than gathering it. In January 2010, 4,109 researchers completed a survey about their attitudes to scholarly publishing. The survey was conducted by Elsevier.

Global Expansion of Scientific Research Due to investments by publishers, access to research in developing countries has grown, resulting in increased article output and the emergence of a global research network Furthermore, these investments have led to an expansion of the global research network. Products and methods of access to research have enabled developing countries to become larger players in the research community. As you can see here, some of the fastest growing countries in terms of research output are in developing areas.

Evaluating and Developing Country’s Research Output Furthermore, these investments have led to an expansion of the global research network. Products and methods of access to research have enabled developing countries to become larger players in the research community. As you can see here, some of the fastest growing countries in terms of research output are in developing areas.

Evaluating of Country’s Scientific Research Output Furthermore, these investments have led to an expansion of the global research network. Products and methods of access to research have enabled developing countries to become larger players in the research community. As you can see here, some of the fastest growing countries in terms of research output are in developing areas.

Quality (World Class Content) Preservation of Content In conclusion…. We provide: Quality (World Class Content) Preservation of Content Efficiency of usage for our Customers Added Value in Innovative Tools Access Guidance on Content Development & Maximization of Country’s Research Output