The Hytronic System Dolphin Clearwater Systems, LLC Advanced Water Treatment Equipment

Company Profile Technology developed at a University Chief subcontractor is ISO 9002 approved Excellent track record 500 installations Over 5 years of service New patented technology unique in the marketplace

Electronic Water Treatment ELIMINATES USE OF ALL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS, AND THEREFORE THEIR RELEASE TO THE ENVIRONMENT VIA BLOWDOWN AND DRIFT & PREVENTS SCALE FROM FORMING CONTROLS MICROBIAL GROWTH Degrades and removes old scale, encrustation and bio-film Creates conditions that stop localized and uniform corrosion Allows potentially significant water savings

Hardware transformer panel and spool piece no obstructions in pipe 9 sizes from 3/4” to 12”

Cooling System Treatment Scaling Control Corrosion Control Microbial Control

Typical Cooling Tower Evaporation = 1% circulation rate Blowdown = Evaporation/(CC-1) DT = 10 oF

Scale Prevention Scale Formation Particle Formation on in Surface Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Particles Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Scale Scale Formation on Surface Particle Formation in Bulk Solution

Corrosion Performance in Cooling Towers No Localized Attack No pitting or microbial induced corrosion (MIC) Uniform Corrosion Benign alkaline chemistry with high hardness (pH 7.5 to 9.0) No attack on copper/galvanized 2 - 5 mpy on steel

Microbe Control Microbes controlled by incorporation Pulsed-Power FDA approved for Pasteurization Microbes Encapsulated Microbes

Bio-Film Control

Biological Control - 1000 ton @ 5 cycles

Biological Control - 175 ton @ 8 cycles

Biological Control - 600 ton @ 5.5 cycles

Biological Control Dolphin System Chemical Treatment Only blowdown needs to be controlled Requires constant monitoring and adjustment Little or no bio-film present Limited effectiveness on bio-film Not species specific Biocides are often species specific No corrosives used Biocides are often corrosive Typical TBC of 1,000 to 2,000 CFU/ml Typical TBC of 20,000 to 50,000 CFU/ml Dolphin System Chemical Treatment

Boiler Installation

Boiler Application Carbonates precipitate as a powder Eliminates need for water softener and phosphates Precipitation lowers alkalinity of boiler Eliminates formation of CO2 and need for amines Old scale will flake off over time Improves heat transfer efficiencies

Corrosion Performance in Boilers No Localized Attack No pitting Less CO2 generation avoids acid corrosion in boiler condensate return lines (pH of 7.0 to 8.4) Uniform Attack Boiler operates at a pH of 10.5 where iron and steel develop a passive magnetite surface resulting in negligible uniform corrosion

Scale Removal Scale removal by crack propagation

Pollution Prevention Biocides can cause problems in sewer treatment plants Some anti-corrosion additives contain heavy metals (Zn and Mo) Many chemicals in concentrated form fall under OSHA regulations Phosphates and brine are a concern in discharges Drift carrying chemicals can cause employee relations issues

Cost Savings Savings on the cost of chemicals & softener Savings on fuel  Savings on maintenance (tower, heat exchanger, boiler)  Savings on water purchase and disposal  Savings on regulatory compliance 

Conclusions The Dolphin is an alternative to chemical treatment on cooling towers and boilers. The Dolphin is in commercial use under a variety of water conditions. The Dolphin is a rugged system that is tolerant of some neglect.

Appendix Zeta Potential Tiny, non-symmetric crystals (proto-crystals) with strong surface charges develop high zeta potentials (diffuse counter-ion charge). Proto-crystals repel due to this high zeta potential Vibrating the particles at their resonant frequency with an electro-magnetic field, homogenizes the diffuse counter-ion charges, lowers the zeta potential and allows agglomeration .

Appendix Distinction from Magnets Range of field strengths cover all water variations Coils “ring” yielding harmonics into the kilohertz to megahertz range

Appendix Inactivation of Microbes Water sample from Dolphin treated tower with 106/ml microbes added

Appendix pH Control Reactions Boiler Chemistry Ca++ + CO3= + H2O <-> Ca++ + 2OH- + CO2 Dominates at low pH Ca++ + CO3= + H2O <-> CaCO3 + H2O Dominates at high pH (typical equilibrium at 10.0 to 10.5 pH) Cooling Tower Chemistry Ca++ + 2HCO3- <-> Ca++ + 2OH- + 2CO2 Dominates at low pH Ca++ + 2HCO3- <-> CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Dominates at high pH (typical equilibrium at 8.2 to 9.0 pH)

Appendix Boiler Chemistry - Water Softening Softened Water Containing: Regenerate with NaCl NaHCO3 - Causes carbonic acid in condensate Softener Residual NaCl - Causes enhanced pitting Incoming Water with Ca/Mg HCO3 Residual Ca & Mg - Causes scale formation Flush to drain with CaCl & NaCl Wastes water and sewer issues with high salts

Appendix Sidestream for Large Pipes Designed to take 30% of the flow per pass with minimal pressure drop (3 psi)

Appendix Water Savings With a Dolphin the cycles of concentration can be increased to 8 or more. (Typically chemically controlled towers are run at 2 to 4 cycles.) On a 1000 ton cooling tower, going from 3 cycles to 8 can save up to 10,000 gals/day. Typical cost of water and disposal in most areas is $3.50 per 1000 gals ($35 per day).