Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-1 PowerPoint to accompany Essentials of Medical Language 2e Allan, Lockyer Chapter 9: The Digestive System The Essentials of the Language of Gastroenterology

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-2 Health Professionals You may work directly and/or indirectly with one or more of the following: Gastroenterologists are medical specialists in the field of gastroenterology. Proctologists are surgical specialists in diseases of the anus and rectum. Dentists are qualified practitioners in the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex. Periodontists are specialists in disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth. Nutritionists are professionals who prevent and treat illness by promoting healthy eating habits. Dietitians manage food services systems and promote sound eating habits.

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-3 Digestive System Lesson 9.1: The Digestive System

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-4 The Digestive System Alimentary canal and accessory organs

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-5 Word Analysis and Definition Define the following root elements: – aliment – bari – digest - gastr – laparo

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-6 The Digestive System Actions and functions of the digestive system –Five components: 1. propulsion 2. digestion 3. secretion 4. absorption 9. elimination

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-7 Word Analysis and Definition Identify and define the root elements of the following terms: – mastication – deglutition – peristalsis – elimination – secretion

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-8 Digestive System Lesson 9.2: Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-9 Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus The mouth and mastication – palate – uvula

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-10 Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus The mouth and mastication – tongue – papillae

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus – adult teeth upper jaw (maxilla) lower jaw (mandible)

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-12 Word Analysis and Definition Define the following terms: – dentine – enamel – pulp

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-13 Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus Salivary glands

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-14 Word Analysis and Definition Define the following root elements: – par – lingu – mandibul – saliv - or - ot

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-15 Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus Disorders of the mouth – plaque – tartar – dental caries © Photo Network Stock/Grant Heilman Photography Inc.

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-16 Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus Disorders of the mouth – stomatitis 1. mouth ulcers 2. cold sores 3. thrush © Medical-on-line/Alamy

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-17 Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus Disorders of the mouth – stomatitis - oral cancer - halitosis

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-18 Word Analysis and Definition Define the following suffixes: – ectomy – osis – al – ics – itis – ist

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-19 Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus Esophagus – disorders of the esophagus 1. esophagitis (GERD) 2. hiatal hernia 3. esophageal varices 4. cancer of the esophagus

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-20 Word Analysis and Definition Identify the correct term for the definitions below: – vomiting of red blood hematemesis – difficulty swallowing dysphagia – following a meal postprandial – an opening through a structure hiatus

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-21 Digestive System Lesson 9.3: Digestion—Stomach and Small Intestine

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-22 Digestion—Stomach and Small Intestine Digestion: the stomach – peristalsis – secretions

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-23 Word Analysis and Definition Identify the suffixes and their meanings in the following terms, and then define the terms: – duodenum – gastrin – digestion – pepsinogen – pylorus

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-24 Digestion—Stomach and Small Intestine Disorders of the stomach – gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – vomiting – gastritis

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-25 Digestion—Stomach and Small Intestine Disorders of the stomach – peptic ulcers – dyspepsia – gastric ulcers - gastric cancer

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-26 Word Analysis and Definition Define the following terms: – anorexia – gastroscope – stricture – dyspepsia – dysphagia

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-27 Digestion—Stomach and Small Intestine Small intestine – three segments duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-28 Word Analysis and Definition Change the following terms into the adjective form and define them: – jejunum – cecum

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-29 Digestive System Lesson 9.4: Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-30 Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Liver – location – functions

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-31 Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Liver KEYNOTE: Only the production of bile relates the liver to digestion.

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-32 Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Disorders of the Liver – hepatitis HAV HBV HCV – cirrhosis

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-33 Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Disorders of the liver – cancer – benign tumors – hemochromatosis – Wilson disease

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-34 Word Analysis and Definition Give the term associated with the following definitions: –a fluid secreted by the liver bile –a mass of proliferating blood vessels hemangioma

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-35 Word Analysis and Definition The following terms have colorful elements: – hemochromatosis – cirrhosis – bilirubin – jaundice

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-36 Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Gallbladder, biliary tract, and pancreas – disorders of the gallbladder 1. gallstones © SIU Biomedical/Photo Researchers, Inc

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-37 Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Gallbladder, biliary tract, and pancreas – disorders of the gallbladder 1. gallstones 2. cholecystitis 3. jaundice

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-38 Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Procedures for the biliary system – cholangiography – cholecystectomy 1. ERCP 2. ESWL

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-39 Word Analysis and Definition Identify the elements and define the following terms: – cholecystitis chol/e- -cyst- -itis – cholecystectomy chol/e- -cyst- -ectomy – cholelithotomy chol/e- -lith- -omy – choledocholithiasis choledoch/o- -lith- -iasis

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-40 Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Pancreas – location

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-41 Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Pancreas – function 1. exocrine gland 2. pancreatic juices

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-42 Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Pancreas – disorders of the pancreas 1. pancreatitis 2. pancreatic cancer 3. diabetes 4. cystic fibrosis

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-43 Word Analysis and Definition Define the following prefixes and roots: – endo – exo – chol – cyst – lith – insul – pancreat

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-44 Digestive System Lesson 9.5: Absorption and Malabsorption

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-45 Word Analysis and Definition Chemical digestion, absorption, and transport – carbohydrates – proteins – lipids – water – minerals

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-46 Absorption and Malabsorption Disorders of absorption – malabsorption syndrome – malnutrition KEYNOTE: In malnutrition, the body breaks down its own tissues to meet its nutritional and metabolic needs.

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-47 Absorption and Malabsorption Disorders of absorption – lactose intolerance KEYNOTE: Milk sugar is lactose. – Crohn disease (regional enteritis)

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-48 Absorption and Malabsorption Disorders of absorption – constipation – gastroenteritis – dysentery KEYNOTE: Diarrhea is caused by irritation of the intestinal lining so that feces pass through the intestine too quickly for adequate amounts of water to be reabsorbed.

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-49 Word Analysis and Definition Define the following root elements: – amin – hydr – carb – lact

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-50 Word Analysis and Definition Define the following root elements and define the terms: – celiac disease – endoscopy – malabsorption – gastroenteritis – diarrhea – flatulence

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-51 Digestive System Lesson 9.6: The Large Intestine and Elimination

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-52 The Large Intestine and Elimination Structure and functions of the large intestine – functions of the large intestine 1. absorption 2. secretion 3. digestion 4. peristalsis 5. elimination

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-53 Word Analysis and Definition The following two sets of terms share the same root; define their meaning: – colon colic colitis – feces fecal defecation

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-54 The Large Intestine and Elimination Disorders of the large intestine and anal canal – appendicitis – diverticulosis - diverticulitis © Susan Leavine/Photo Researchers Inc.

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-55 The Large Intestine and Elimination Disorders of the large intestine and anal canal – ulcerative colitis – irritable bowel syndrome – polyps

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-56 The Large Intestine and Elimination Disorders of the large intestine and anal canal – colon cancer

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-57 The Large Intestine and Elimination Disorders of the large intestine and anal canal – obstruction – intussusception – proctitis

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-58 The Large Intestine and Elimination Disorders of the anal canal – hemorrhoids © Dr. P. Marazzi/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-59 The Large Intestine and Elimination Disorders of the anal canal – anal fissures – anal fistulas

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-60 Word Analysis and Definition Define the meaning of the following suffixes: – um – rrhoid – ion – osis

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-61 The Large Intestine and Elimination Gastrointestinal bleeding – hematemesis – vomiting “coffee grounds” – melena – occult blood

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-62 Word Analysis and Definition The following sets of terms share the same root; define their meaning: – hemoglobin – hemangioma – hemorrhoid – hematemesis – hemoccult test

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-63 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures Procedures for the biliary system –cholangiography cholangi/o- -graphy –cholecystectomy chol/e- cyst- -ectomy –cholelithotomy chol/e- lith- -otomy

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-64 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures Diagnostic procedures for the digestive tract –barium swallow –barium meal –enteroscopy –angiography

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-65 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures Diagnostic procedures for the digestive tract –fecal occult blood test –nasogastric aspiration and lavage –upper GI barium x-ray –endoscopy –anoscopy

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-66 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures Diagnostic procedures for the digestive tract –flexible sigmoidoscopy –colonoscopy –gastroscopy –digital rectal exam

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-67 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures Surgical procedures for the digestive tract –intestinal resection anastomosis ostomy ileostomy colostomy

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-68 Word Analysis and Definition Identify the common suffix and define the following terms: – enteroscopy – endoscopy – anoscopy – colonoscopy – gastroscopy

Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 9-69 Word Analysis and Definition Define the following terms and abbreviations. – enema – ostomy – stoma – BM – GI – IBS