Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 3 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Conception and Implantation Figure 3.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Periods of Prenatal Development PeriodLength Key Events Zygote 2 weeks  Fertilization  Implantation  Start of placenta Embryo 6 weeks  Arms, legs, face, organs, muscles all develop  Heart begins beating Fetus 30 weeks  “Growth and finishing”

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Period of the Fetus Begins at third month Second trimester fetal movement felt fetal movement felt Third trimester age of viability 22–26 weeks age of viability 22–26 weeks

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development Figure 3.2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factors Affecting Harm from Teratogens DoseHeredity Other negative influences Age at time of exposure RubberBall Productions

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Teratogen Substances Drugs prescription prescription nonprescription nonprescription illegal illegalTobaccoAlcoholRadiationPollution Absolute Family

Can a Thalidomide-Like Tragedy Occur Again? Accutane—toxic to developing organisms Efforts to control its damaging prenatal risks include: Efforts to control its damaging prenatal risks include: Restriction of this and other drugs for the treatment of severe conditions. Restriction of this and other drugs for the treatment of severe conditions. Improved public and patient education. Improved public and patient education. Interventions that promote widespread, effective contraceptive use. Interventions that promote widespread, effective contraceptive use.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Criteria for Diagnosis

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Maternal Factors in Healthy Prenatal Development Infectious diseases Nutrition Emotional stress Rh blood factor Age RubberBall Productions

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Birth Weight and Adult Breast Cancer Risk Figure 3.3

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Complications and Maternal Age Figure 3.4

The Effects of Emotional Stress on the Developing Fetus Stress hormones cross the placenta, causing a dramatic rise in fetal heart rate and activity. Fetal neurological functioning can be permanently altered. Maternal emotional stress predicts anxiety, short attention span, anger, aggression, and overactivity among preschoolers and young children above and beyond the impact of other risk factors. Stress-related prenatal complications can be greatly reduced when mothers receive the support of family members and friends.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Three Stages of Childbirth Figure 3.5

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Apgar Scale A ppearance P ulse G rimace A ctivity R espiration RubberBall Productions

The Apgar Scale

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Birth Complications Oxygen deprivation (anoxia) Breech position Rh factor incompatibility RubberBall Productions

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Preterm and Small-for-Date Babies Preterm Born weeks before their due date May be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy Preterm Born weeks before their due date May be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy Small-for-Date May be born at due date or preterm Below expected weight for length of pregnancy Small-for-Date May be born at due date or preterm Below expected weight for length of pregnancy

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Pregnancy Length and Infant Survival/Disability Figure 3.6

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Interventions for Preterm Infants Isolette respirator respirator feeding tube feeding tube intravenous medication intravenous medication Special infant stimulation  kangaroo care Parent training in caregiving Special infant stimulation  kangaroo care Parent training in caregiving RubberBall Productions

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Infant Mortality Around the World Figure 3.7

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Birth Complications Severe trauma long-term difficulties long-term difficulties Mild to moderate trauma dependent on environment dependent on environment Resilience factor Absolute Family

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Newborn Reflexes Eye blink RootingSuckingMoro Palmar grasp Tonic neck SteppingBabinski

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Infant States of Arousal Regular sleep Irregular sleep Drowsiness Quiet alertness Waking activity and crying and crying RubberBall Productions

The Mysterious Tragedy of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS is the leading cause of infant mortality between 1 week and 12 months in industrialized nations. Its occurrence tends to peak between 2 and 4 months of age.

How Can SIDS be Lessened? Quitting smoking, putting babies to sleep on their backs, and removing bedclothes can reduce SIDS incidents. Pacifiers are another protective measure.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Newborn Sense of Touch Sensitive to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals Highly sensitive to pain relieve pain with anesthetics, sugar solution, gentle holding relieve pain with anesthetics, sugar solution, gentle holding physical touch releases endorphins physical touch releases endorphins

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell Prefer sweet tastes at birth Quickly learn to like new tastes Have odor preferences from birth Can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth RubberBall Productions

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Differences in Newborns’ Smell Sensitivity Figure 3.8

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Newborn Sense of Hearing Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth Prefer complex sounds to pure tones Learn sound patterns within days Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language Family Life

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Newborn Sense of Vision Least developed sense at birth visual structures in eyes and brain not fully formed visual structures in eyes and brain not fully formed Limited acuity Scan environment, track moving objects Color vision improves in first two months RubberBall Productions

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) Evaluates newborn: reflexes reflexes state changes state changes responsiveness to physical and social stimuli responsiveness to physical and social stimuli other reactions other reactions Uses include: discovering individual & cultural differences discovering individual & cultural differences helping parents get to know their babies helping parents get to know their babies not a good predictor of later development not a good predictor of later development Neonatal Intensive Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) for at-risk infants

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. New Family Adjustment Hormones facilitate caregiving oxytocin oxytocin prolactin prolactin estrogens estrogens hormone release and effects may depend on experience hormone release and effects may depend on experience Challenge of early weeks new roles new roles changed schedule changed schedule RubberBall Productions