U.S. IMPERIALISM AND WORLD WAR I Unit VC AP U.S. History

Fundamental Question  To what extent was the American public supportive of increased foreign involvement?

Historical U.S. Foreign Policy  Washington’s Farewell Address  Avoid permanent alliances  Jefferson’s Empire of Liberty  Model of republicanism and democracy  Monroe Doctrine  Prevention of European intervention in Western Hemisphere  Manifest Destiny  Louisiana Purchase  Oregon Territory  Mexican-American War  Limited Involvement  Domestic economic expansion  Economic dependency on European powers  Civil War  Protective tariffs  Immigration

U.S. Foreign Events Before 1880  Monroe Doctrine  Japan  Commodore Perry  Convention of Kanagawa (1854)  William H. Seward  Mexico (1866)  Midway Island (1867)  Alaska Purchase - “Seward’s Folly” (1867)

Hawaii  Hawaii was an independent kingdom  Christian missionaries and sugar plantation farmers settle since 1820s  Rise of Sugar Oligarchy and Fall of Kingdom  Duty-free sugar led to sugar plantation owners become prosperous and powerful  Queen Liliuokalani resented American encroachment  Sugar owners back by marines overthrew the Queen and established Republic of Hawaii  Annexation  Grover Cleveland refused  William McKinley argued manifest destiny  Annexed in 1898 and territory by 1900

Why Hawaii?

Enforcing the Monroe Doctrine  Pan-American Conference (1889)  Permanent organization between U.S. and Latin American nations for mutual political and economical prosperity  Venezuela and Great Britain  U.S. threatened force against Britain  Deal made favoring U.S. and G.B.

Spanish-American War  Cuba  Cuban revolt and Spanish retribution threatened American investments  Yellow journalism  Sensational stories whipped up anti-Spanish sentiment  DeLome Letter (Feb. 9, 1898)  Spanish minister criticized McKinley  “Remember the Maine!” (Feb. 15, 1898)  250 Americans lost in explosion in Havana Harbor  War declaration and Teller Amendment  Spain’s refusal of American demands led to war  Teller Amendment promised Cuban independence once peace restored  Cuban Theater  Inexperienced soldiers died from disease than Spanish  Rough Riders and San Juan Hill  Santiago Bay  Philippines Theater  Destruction of Spanish fleet in Manila Bay (May 1, 1898)  Americans capture Manila (August 13, 1898)  Treaty of Paris  Cuban independence  Annexation of Puerto Rico, Guam; Philippines for $20 million

A Cry for War

Imperialists and Anti-Imperialists  Mostly from Republican Party  Theodore Roosevelt, John Hay, James G. Blaine  Economic expansion, political security, international prestige, humanitarian efforts  Insular Cases ( )  Constitutional provisions and guarantees granted only by Congress to territories  Anti-Imperialist League  William Jennings Bryan, Samuel Gompers, Mark Twain, Ben Tillman, Andrew Carnegie  Mostly from Democratic Party  Undemocratic, violated republicanism

Big Stick by Teddy

Policies of Diplomacy  Big Stick Policy (Roosevelt )  Aggressive and interventionist policies  Roosevelt Corollary  Right for American intervention if a nation proved incapable to protect American investments and hemisphere stability  Dollar Diplomacy (Taft )  Endorse American expansion through overseas investment and infrastructure  Lodge Corollary extended Monroe Doctrine to non-European nations  Moral Diplomacy (Wilson )  Opposition to aggressive expansion  Promote democratic and republican ideals especially in affected nations/territories

Intervention in Latin America  Cuba  Platt Amendment  Removal of U.S. troops on acceptance  Became a U.S. protectorate  Haiti (BSP)  Santo Domingo (BSP)  Panama (BSP)  Revolution and Hay-Pauncefote Treaty  After U.S.-supported rebellion, U.S. awarded rights to canal zone connecting Atlantic and Pacific interests  Panama Canal   Eliminated American exemption in 1914 (MD)  Nicaragua (1911) (DD)  Marines sent to protect investments  Puerto Rico  Limited sovereignty and citizenship in 1917 (MD)  Mexico  Tampico and Pancho Villa ( )

Panama Canal Zone

Caribbean Involvement

Intervention in Asia  Philippines  Annexed by Treaty of Paris (1899)  Guerilla warfare led by Emilio Aguinaldo  Jones Act of 1916 (MD)  Guaranteed rights and independence given stability  China  Open Door Policy  Equal trading among nations with spheres of influence in order to protect American investments in China  Preserve Chinese independence for mutual benefit  Boxer Rebellion  International force suppressed anti-foreigner rebels  Europeans further strangled Qing Dynasty  Railroad investment in China (DD)  Japan  Treaty of Portsmouth  Ended Russo-Japanese War  “gentleman’s agreement”  Japanese restrict emigration and U.S. repeal discrimination laws  Great White Fleet ( ) (BSP)  Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)  Japan supported Open Door Policy in China  Acknowledged each nation’s territories in Pacific

Great War in Europe ( )  Archduke and wife of Austria-Hungary assassinated by Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914  Alliances and ultimatums dragged Europe into a destructive conflict

American Neutrality and Opinion  Wilson proclaims neutrality on August 4, 1914  Economic prosperity key to American progress and continue trade with both sides  American ships seized by British and sunk by Germans violating freedom of the seas  American loans toward Allies  American public and American and British press favored Allies while depicting Central Powers as brutal aggressors  Ethnic opinions based on nation’s allegiance  Populists, Progressives, William Jennings Bryan, Socialists, Midwest, West, women, Jane Addams opposed becoming more involved in war

Toward American Involvement  German U-Boats  Lusitania sunk on May 7, 1915 killing 128 Americans  Sussex in March 1916  Wilson threatened sanctions and Germany promised to abide by freedom of the seas  National Security League  Preparedness by developing and increasing military during  Unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany  Russian Revolution  Zimmermann Telegram  German request for Mexico alliance in return for lost land by U.S.  Wilson requested declaration of war by Congress against Germany  Given on April 6, 1917 by near unanimous vote

American Home Front  War agencies  War Industries Board – prioritized production, limited use of resources, set prices  Food Administration – rationing of food  National War Labor Board – union concessions, no strikes  Liberty Bonds  Americans purchase government bonds to finance war  Committee on Public Information  Provide a pro-Allies perspective in the newspapers, arts, literature, theaters, music  American Protective League  Prejudice-based propaganda, especially against Germans  Espionage Act of 1917  Prohibit interference in military and obstruct the draft  Schenck v. United States upheld; “clear and present danger”  Sedition Act of 1918  Prohibit criticism of U.S. government  Selective Service Act of 1917  American Society Effects  Women  Filled in jobs as men fought war  Blacks  Segregated as troops  Job opportunities  Mexicans  Job opportunities

American Propaganda

American War Front  American Expeditionary Force (AEF)  Inspired to preserve democracy and defend American honor  Reality of trench warfare and war of attrition  Naval convoys escort merchant ships to supply Allies  Spring Offensive (1918)  German offensive in Western theater  Hundred Days Offensive (1918)  Allied counteroffensive; leads to end of the fighting  Armistice (11/11/1918)  German capitulation  117,000 American casualties, most due to influenza  Over 16 million total dead  1 million British, 1.6 million French, 3.3. million Russian, 2.4 million German, 2.9 million Ottoman, 1.5 Austrian-Hungarian  650,000 Americans die due to Spanish Flu/Influenza outbreak across the world

Wilson and Peace  “Peace without victory” and Fourteen Points  Self-determination and League of Nations  Treaty of Versailles  German guilt, reparations  League of Nations  Treaty Ratification in U.S.  Republican majority in Congress – 2/3 majority needed for ratification  Henry Cabot Lodge and Republicans  Irreconcilables and Reservationists  Never ratified; separate peace couple of years later

America After the War  Economic turmoil  Recession hit in 1919 and more severely in  Overproduction, increased labor force, adjustment from war production to peace production, labor strife/unions, Fed and interest rates  First Red Scare  Fueled by Russian Revolution and labor strikes  Targets included socialists, communists, anarchists, Wobblies  1919 Bombings  Newspapers and government spearheaded raids and deportations, but public soon detested actions as violations of civil liberties  Strikes  Led to anti-union sentiment as national security and welfare threatened by strikes  Race riots  Increased competition led to increased racism in Northern cities and South