Human A&P Unit 3 – Integumentary System

I. ___________________________- skin & structures derived from it, including: _____________________________________ A. Four main physiological features of the integumentary system 1. _____________ the body from the environment. 2. ________________________ via sweating Integumentary System Hair, nails, sweat & oils PROTECTS Regulates BODY TEMP

3. ________________________ (helps body absorb calcium). 4. ____________________ such as pressure, temperature & pain. Makes VITAMIN D Detects SENSATIONS

B. Anatomy of Skin & Subcutaneous Layer 1. Features of the skin: a. also called the ________________ ________________ b. largest ___________ of the body (22 square feet, about ____ lbs, 16% of ______________) cutaneous membrane organ 10 Body weight

2. Major Parts of the Skin & subcutaneous layer _______________- superficial, thinner portion made of 4- 5 layers of stratified squamous epithelium Epidermis

___________ - deeper, thicker, connective tissue Dermis

Cutaneous membrane = dermis + SKIN epidermis

_______________ _________- below the dermis; ____ a part of the skin; contains: ___________tissue (to connect to skin), ____________ (fat for insulation) & large _______________ to supply the skin. Subcutaneous Layer NOT aerolar Adipose tissue Blood vessels

C. Details of the Epidermis 1. __________ major types of cells _________________ - (keroTINosite) produces keratin (tough __________ that protects from heat, _________ and chemicals. keratinocyte protein microbes Four

_________________ - involved with __________ responses to fight microbes on the skin Langerhans cells immune

_________________ - attached to a ___________ nerve cell at a flat spot called a tactile disc that helps detect __________. Merkel Cell sensory Tactile disc of a sensory neuron touch

_________________ - produce melanin (black- brown pigment that absorbs _______ light) Melanocytes UV

2. Layers or _____________ of the epidermis stratum _________________ - (“horn layer”) – layers of ___________ keratinocytes which are _________ continuously. Stratum Corneum dead shed

_________________ - (“clear layer”) – 3-5 layers of flattened _________, clear keratinocytes. ONLY found in the thick skin of:__________________ ____________________ Stratum Lucidum dead Fingertips, palms & soles of feet

___________________- (“little grains layer”) – 3-5 layers of keratinocytes that are in the process of ___________ (dying). These cells contain granules which release __________, lipid secretions to prevent ___________ loss and entry of ____________ materials. Stratum Granulosum apoptosis waterproof water foreign

___________________- (“thornlike layer”) – 8-10 layers of keratinocytes that create extensions into the dermis layer. Also the site of ______________ cells. Stratum Spinosum Langerhans

___________________- (“base layer”) – ______ layer of cuboidal or ___________ keratinocytes. Some of these are ____________ that will make new keratinocytes in the skin. (New skin will NOT form if this is damaged and a ___________ is required. Also contains _____________ & _____________. Stratum Basale single columnar Stem cells Skin graft melanocytes Merkel cells

3. ________________ are modified, tightly packed, hard ____________ of the epidermis. Nails keratinocytes

a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view) _______________- the white that extends past the finger free edge

a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view) _______________- the part that is visible nail body

a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view) _______________- white part of the nail near the root. lunula

a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view) _______________- protects the nail matrix. cuticle

a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view) _______________- not visible on normal nail. It is the true end of the nail. Nail Root

b. Anatomy of a nail (sagittal section) Nail Root cuticle lunula nail body free edge epidermis dermis finger bone _______________- surrounds the root and produces the new nail cells. nail matrix

D. Details of the Dermis 1. Two parts of the dermis: a. _________________- areolar tissue with fine elastic fibers. Superficial Part

i. anatomy of the superficial part of the dermis: epidermis dermis subcutaneous layer

_______________- (“nipples”) bumps that increase the surface area of the dermis. Contain either ___________________________ Dermal Papillae capillaries tactile receptors or free nerve endings

_______________ or ______________ _______________- detects light touch. Corpuscle of Touch Meissner Corpuscle

_______________ - detects temperature, pain, tickle and itch. Free nerve ending

_______________ - (NOT part of dermis or epidermis……) thread of fused, __________ keratinized cells. Hair Shaft dead

b. _______________________- attached to the subcutaneous layer. Contains _____________ _____________________ with bundles of collagen and elastic fibers. Deeper Part dense irregular connective tissue

i. anatomy of deep part of the dermis: _______________ - oil gland Sebaceous Gland

_______________ - extends into the dermis & sometimes the subcutaneous layer hair root

_______________ - bulb that produces new hair cells hair follicle

__________________ or ________________ sense deeper touch like:_______________ __________________ Lamellated Corpuscle Pacinian Corpuscle a squeeze or a push

_________________________ Adipose Cells (Fat)

________________ ________-sweat gland. The ears contain ________________ glands that produce ear wax. SuDORiferous gland CERUMinous

_______________- muscle that connects to dermis at one side of the hair follicle. When it ___________, the hair straightens & creates __________ ______________. Arrector Pilli contracts goose bumps

E. The process of new skin production 1. All new skin is produced in the ______________________ layer. 2. The process: a. _________________ in the stratum basale produce new keratinocytes. b. the new keratinocytes are pushed _______________ through the layers of the epidermis. epidermis STEM CELLS upward

c. The cells accumulate more and more _________________ as they move up (a process called keratinization). d. Finally, the cells ____________ and are sloughed off. e. The whole process takes _________________. keratin die 4 weeks total!

newest cells (but in 4 weeks, they will be dead & on the top layer) oldest cells (already dead & have been around for 4 weeks)

F. Skin & Hair Color 1. Skin color: a. due to the amount of ____________ being produced by the melanocytes of stratum __________ in the _________________. b. the melanin is passed through ____________ of the melanocytes to the keratinocytes. melanin basale epidermis projections

c. _______________ skin makes more melanin but does _________ have skin with more _______________. (We all have the same number of melanocytes). Darker NOT melanocytes

2. Hair Color: a. Due to _________________ made by melanocytes in the ____________ of the hair follicle. b. Different hair colors: i. _________________- has melanin only. ii. __________________- has melanin with ___________ & ___________. melanin bulb Brown or Black hair Blond & Red hair iron sulfur

iii. ______________- due to the reduction of melanin. Gray Hair

G. Skin Conditions & Ailments 1. _________________- branch of medicine that diagnosis and treats skin diseases & conditions. 2. Coloring of the skin that are __________ of an underlying problem or condition: i. ______________- ____________ skin, nail beds and mucous membranes due to lack of ______________. Dermatology signs Cyanosis blueish oxygen

FIND PICK OF CYANOSIS SKIN

ii. ____________________- ______________ skin and whites of the eyes indicating liver disease (due to the build up of the pigment, bilirubin). Jaundiceyellowish

FIND PIC OF JAUNDICE SKIN

iii. ____________________ - ______________ of the skin due to exposure of ____________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________. Erythema (ery THEE ma)Redness exposure to heat, skin injury, infection, inflammation, or allergic reaction.

3. ______________________- skin disorder in which keratinocytes of the epidermis _________ ____________________________________. i. physiology of what is happening: a. an _____________ form of keratin is made which is ___________________. b. causes _________________ and flaking of the skin at the ____________ ____________________. Psoriasis divide and move upwards too quickly abnormal Flaky & silvery dandruff Knees and elbows

c. instead of skin shedding every 4 weeks, it now sheds every _____________________. ii. Effective treatments ________________________ or __________________________________ days Slows cell division rate Inhibits keratinization

4. _______________________ - caused by an accumulation of melanin that remains deep in the epidermis. Freckles & Age Spots

5. ________________________- caused by UVA (Ultraviolet A-longer wavelength radiation) we get from the sun that produces oxygen free radicals that disrupt ________________ and elastin fibers. wrinkles collagen

6. ___________________- is due to UV (ultraviolet) exposure that causes an _______________ of melanin production that actually is _______________ than the normal melanin produced. i. A tan is ________________ when the melanin containing keratinocytes are shed from the stratum _______________ of the epidermis. Tanning increase darker lost corneum

ii. _____________________ - could lead to __________________. HOW? a. _________________________ - (shorter wavelength radiation) damages _________ and causes genetic mutations in the ________________. Overexposure to sun/UV Skin cancer UVB (ultraviolet B radiation) DNA melanocytes

7. ______________________ - a neoplastic disease that can be caused by overexposure to sun &/or genetic predisposition. Skin Cancer

i. Type of Skin Cancer: Basal Cell Carcinoma Arises from the stratum ____________ of the epidermis. basale

____________ metastisizes. rarely ~78% of cases

Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arises from ______________ cells. sqaumous

____________ metastisizes. sometimes ~20% of cases

Malignant Melanoma Arises from ______________ cells. melanocytes

Metastisizes __________ and can kill within _____________. rapidly ~2% of cases months

pic of patient with malignant melanoma

ii. Five Warning Signs of A Malignant Melanoma Growth. a. It looks like a ________ or __________ BUT has the following features: (THINK “A- B-C-D-E”) mole freckle

1. _____________________________ A symmetrical shape (not circular)

2. _____________________________ B order is irregular

3. _____________________________ C oloration is uneven or multicolored

4. _____________________________ D iameter is larger than a pencil eraser

5. _____________________________ E levated Mole

iii. Risk Factors for Malignant Melanoma: a. __________________ colored skin that tends to burn. b. HIGH ________________________. c. ___________________ of skin cancer. d. _______________ due to prolonged sun exposure. e. _______________________________. Light Sun exposure Family history Older age Weakened immune system