Incorporation of Climate Change into Bureau of Reclamation Water Management Activities and Operations and Implementation of the United States’ SECURE Water Act March, 2012, 6 th World Water Forum, Marseille, France

Background Public Law , Subtitle F (SECURE Water Act, SWA, 2009) § Climate change risks for water and environmental resources in “major Reclamation river basins.” Reclamation’s WaterSMART (Sustain and Manage America’s Resources for Tomorrow) Basin Study Program 1.West-Wide Climate Risk Assessments (WWCRAs) 2.Basin Studies 3.Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCCs) SECURE – Science and Engineering to Comprehensively Understand and Responsibly Enhance 8 major Reclamation River Basin

RisksImpacts Adaptation / Mitigation Feasibility SECURE Water Act, 2009 Coordination Monitoring

Risks Impacts Adaptation / Mitigation Feasibility WWCRABasin Studies LCCs Science / Coordination / Communication Reclamation WaterSMART Program Comprehensive approach to incorporate the best available science into planning activities for climate change adaptation

SECURE Water Act, 2009 Risks –Change in snowpack –Groundwater recharge and discharge –Increases in water demand or reservoir evaporation as result of increasing temperature Impacts –Ability to deliver water –Hydroelectric power generation –Recreation at Reclamation facilities –Fish and wildlife habitat –Endangered, threatened, candidate species –Water quality issues –Flow dependent ecological resiliency –Flood control management

West Wide Climate Risk Assessments Baseline Assessments of Risks and Impacts –Transforming General Circulation Model information into a spatial and temporal scale relevant to a planning context –Projections of Future Water Supply –Projections of Future Water Demand –Simulating future operations of Reclamation facilities Hydropower, flood control, … etc. –Determining Ecosystem Responses and Resiliency * Consistent approach across 8 major Reclamation River Basins

WWCRA Activities CMIP3 & Updates BCSD 2008 & Updates FY FY FY 2011 Rio Grande With Stakeholders e.g. CO Basin Study

Downscaled GCM Output

Hydrologic Modeling – VIC Setup, 2 Steps 1.Land Surface Simulation simulate runoff (and other fluxes) at each grid cell 2. Streamflow Routing transport runoff from grid cell to outlet

Hydrologic Modeling - VIC Applications ~36,000 grid cells (~12 km x 12 km)

Results - WWCRA Precipitation and temperature trends Change in snowpack – SWE Timing of runoff For reporting – 43 WWCRA locations spanning the major Reclamation basins – 152 HCDN (Hydroclimate Data Network) sites spanning the western US

Results – West-Wide Summary Precipitation is expected to increase from the 1990s level during the 2020s and 2050s, but declines nominally during the 2070s.(though the early to middle 21 st century increases could be artifacts of the BCSD climate projections development leading to slightly wetter projections). Temperature shows a persistent increasing trend from the 1990s level. April 1 st SWE shows a persistent decreasing trend from the 1990s level. Annual runoff shows some increase for the 2020s decade from the 1990s level, but shows decline moving forward to the 2050s and 2070s decade from the 1990s reference, suggesting that although precipitation changes are projected to remain positive through the 2050s, temperature changes begin to offset these precipitation increases leading to net loss in the water balance through increased evapotranspiration losses. Winter season (December-March) runoff shows an increasing trend. Spring-summer season (April-July) runoff shows a decreasing trend.

Reporting Technical Report Report to Congress

Online Data Access

Step 1 – Land Surface Simulation For each grid cell VIC simulates daily fluxes: –surface runoff –baseflow –evapotranspiration –etc.

Online Data Access

Step 2- Streamflow Routing Transport runoff (surface runoff and baseflow) - move water from the grid cells through the flow network to the outlet or routing locations of interest

VIC Applications With Routing Locations Red triangles – WWCRA Locations (total 43) Blue triangles – HCDN locations (total 152)

Online Data Access Daily and Monthly Streamflow Projections Jan 1, 1950 – Dec 31, locations West-Wide Release Forthcoming

Data Dissemination Gridded hydroclimate co-hosted with the current CMIP-3 archive at LLNL Time-series of streamflow projections, Reclamation GIS/WaterSMART website Release forthcoming American Geophysical Union (AGU) Eos Article describing the online gridded hydroclimate archive (… more than 61,000 Earth and space scientists worldwide …) Gangopadhyay, S., T. Pruitt, L. Brekke, and D. Raff (2011), Hydrologic projections for the western United States, Eos Trans. AGU, 92(48), 441, doi: /2011EO

WWCRA and Basin Studies WWCRA West-wide consistent analysis of water supply and demand projections Analysis of Risks and Impacts Larger scale Basin Studies Use west-wide water supply projection information to develop basin specific water supply projections, both surface water and ground water. Basin specific water demand analysis Gap analysis – supply/demand gap Adaptation and Mitigation - Options and Strategies Feasibility Local scale

Basin Studies 1.Colorado River Basin 2.Hood River Basin 3.Klamath River Basin 4.Lower Rio Grande Basin 5.Santa Fe Basin 6.Henry’s Fork Basin 7.St. Mary/Milk Basin 8.Niobrara Basin 9.Santa Ana River Basin 10.South East California Basin 11.Truckee River Basin 12.Yakima River Basin

Water Demand Basin specific literature review Agricultural Water Demand –Consumptive Irrigation Requirement –Open water evaporation Sensitivity Analysis (e.g., St. Mary/Milk Basin Study, mostly Ag. demands)  Scenario Analysis (e.g., Colorado River Basin Study, Ag+M&I+Other)

Operations Modeling Support gap analysis Provided climate change hydrology, and updated CIR for agricultural water demands to support operations models. –St. Mary/Milk Basin Study –Rio Grande Operational Risk Assessment

Next Steps 1.In addition to supply and demand, focus on basin specific issues tied to climate change (e.g., flood risk, sea- level rise, carbon footprint of water operations) 2.Operations Modeling 3.Use of scenario planning in quantifying water demands 4.Developing decision support tools for Basins by coupling WWCRA products, post-processing tools, and using formal decision making frameworks Comprehensive approach to incorporate the best available science into planning activities for climate change adaptation

Thank You!