Air Quality Monitoring and Management in Kathmandu, Nepal Presented By Chiranjibi Gautam Urban Env. & AQM Advisor Environment Sector Program Support (A HMG/DANIDA Program) Ministry of Population and Environment Co-Authors Suman Sharma, Project Manager, ESPS/MOPE Karsten Fuglsang, AQM Expert, Force Technology, Denmark BAQ 2004, Agra, India 6-8 December, 2004

Kathmandu Valley: General Background Approximately 1.8 million population About 1300 meter above sea level A valley surrounded by 500 to 1000 m high mountains November to June:- generally dry Lowest temperature: around 0 o C in Jan/Feb July to October:- rains frequently Wind speed is generally calm

Kathmandu Valley: Air Quality Monitoring Campaign monitoring during 90ies Campaign monitoring during for design of permanent air quality monitoring system Permanent air quality monitoring system established in late 2002 Monitoring of meteorological parameters- part of the air quality monitoring system

Kathmandu AQMM: Institutions Involved Ministry of Population and Environment Muncipalities (five) in Kathmandu Valley Department of Transport Management Kathmandu Valley Traffic Police Department of Hydrology and Meteorology Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology Royal Nepal Academy of Science & Technology Private laboratories: –Soil Test –ENPHO –NESS

Kath AQMM: Locations of Stations

Kath AQMM- Parameters Monitored TSP 24 hr avg, once a week in two road side stations, HVS PM10 24 hr avg, continuous in all stations, LVS PM hr avg, campaign basis, LVS NO2 Weekly avg, continuous in all stations, Diffusive Sampling SO2 Campaign basis in all stations, Diffusive Sampling CO Campaign basis in roadside station Benzene Weekly avg, continuous in all stations, Diffusive Sampling PAHCampaign basis in all stations, analysis of PM10 filters

Kath AQMM: Focus on PM10 Designed according to EN12341 Sustainable pump system: Manual shift of filters –24 V battery backup for use during power cut –Can be swithed to PM2.5 –can be programmed for 6 hrs interval Passive Samplers for NO2, SO2, and Benzene PM2.5 PM10

Kath AQMM: Status on PM10 NAAQS

Kath AQMM: Status on Benzene and NO2

Kath AQMM: Vehicle Emission Control Import of only EURO-I vehicles Phased out of diesel 3- wheelers, 2-stroke 3-wheelers, and 20 year old taxies Incremental tax on old vehicles (15 years and older) Fiscal incentives to electrical vehicles Road development and maintenance fund (fuel tax) and additional customs on import of vehicles for urban road maintenance

Kath AQMM: Vehicle Emission Control Institutions involved in vehicle emission testing and monitoring strengthened All vehicles required to have green stickers to ply in Kathmandu Valley On road monitoring of black smoky vehicles Training to auto-mechanics for proper repair and maintenance of vehicles Private auto-workshops to be involved in vehicle emission testing Govt. institutions to concentrate on on-road monitoring

Kath AQMM: Industrial Emission Control Ban on new registration of highly polluting brick kiln technology (Bulls Trench kilns). BTK to be changed either to Fixed Chimney or VSVK by September 2004 Energy Efficiency program in industrial boilers and brick kilns started in 2001

Kath AQMM: Awareness Creation Regular publication of results Radio jingles, TV spots, Hoarding boards Awareness trainings

Kath AQMM: National AAQS ParameterAVG TimeConc., Max. TSP24 hour230 µg/m 3 PM1024 hour120 µg/m 3 NO2Annual 24 hour 40 µg/m 3 80 µg/m 3 SO2Annual 24 hour 50 µg/m 3 70 µg/m 3 CO8 hour 15 minute 10,000 µg/m 3 100,000 µg/m 3 LeadAnnual0.5 µg/m 3 BenzeneAnnual20 µg/m 3

Kath AQM: Positive Results Roadside: avg of 2 stations Residential: avg of 3 stations