Proteins and Enzymes Unit 3, Notes #3 Biology Proteins and Enzymes Unit 3, Notes #3

Review Organic Compound contain __________ Carbon! Organic Compound contain __________ Examples: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Review- Carbs Carbohydrates are sugars (immediate NRG) C:H:O is 1:2:1 Building blocks = monosacharides Single saccharride molecules Glucose, fructose, ribose, etc Disaccharides – 2 monos combined Sucrose (table sugar), lactose (in milk) Block Tower = polysaccarhides Starch (created by plants), cellulose, Glycogen – made by muscles and liver from cellulose

Review - Lipids Lipids (Fats) Monomer: Fatty Acid Polymer: Lipid Structure: Fatty Acids bonded to compounds such as glycerol (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen!) Most Common lipids: Fats, Oils, Cholesterol, Waxes Glycerol molecule

Review - Lipids Fats and Oils = long term energy storage Carbs can be turned into lipids to be stored as energy for much later use Overall, they yield less energy than carbs Saturated – animal fats, all single C-C bonds Unsaturated – plants, at least one double C=C bond Waxes – repel water (plants and animals can produce this) Phospholipids – cell membranes Cholesterol – too much is BAD

Proteins

Protein Basics Used in variety of cellular functions leucine valine glycine alanine leucine leucine histi- dine aspara- gine serine proline = protein A valine leucine glycine alanine leucine leucine histi- dine aspara- gine serine proline = protein B Amino acid (monomer) leucine valine glycine alanine leucine leucine = protein C Used in variety of cellular functions Made of smaller amino acids Monomer: Amino acid Polymer: Protein, held together by peptide bonds Only 20 amino acids… but thousands of proteins Exact arrangement of amino acids determines the protein

. . Amino Acid Structure 5 basic parts 1) Central C atom 2) Amino group (NH2) 3) H 4) Carboxyl group (COOH) 5) R group . . Only 20 amino acids… Each has different R group

What differs between these 6 amino acids? Each “R” group is different

Proteins C, H, O, N, Sulfur and Phosphorous “building blocks” of organisms Functions of proteins: Movement- Muscle fibers Structure- cartilage, bones, tendons Regulation-control chemical reactions Transport- hemoglobin carries O2 Defense – antibodies are proteins that fight off bacteria and viruses

Review What are the smaller monomers that make proteins called? How many different amino acids exist? How does each amino acid differ? The NH2 part of the amino acid is called the ____ group. The COOH part of the amino acid is called the ____ group.

Chemical Reactions Reactants Products Change substances into different ones by breaking and forming chemical bonds Reactants are the substances changed during a chemical reaction. Products are the substances made by a chemical reaction

Type of Protein - enzyme Increases the speed of specific chemical reactions so they happen faster! Does this by lowering the energy it takes for the rxn to happen Breaking down food Build needed molecules “catalyst” – something that speeds up a reaction They can work inside cells and outside cells Sensitive to pH and temperature ex: If high fever: enzymes lose ability to work Ex. Cooking “denatures” enzymes Reusable Helps to maintain homeostasis

Type of Protein - enzyme Vocab: Catalyst – anything that speeds up a rxn Enzyme – proteins that lower the energy it takes for a chemical rxn to happen Substrate – compounds put together (synthesized) OR broken down by enzymes Coenzyme – a 2nd enzyme needed to help do the job

Another Enzyme Structure Lock and Key Model Analogy

Review Given the following chemical formula list the products and reactants: 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O Which group of proteins help to start chemical reactions? What are the molecules called that react with enzymes? What are the substances that are changed during a chemical reaction called? What is another term for a catalyst? What can cause an enzyme to stop functioning? What do enzymes weaken between molecules?