1 Anthropometry Spring 2014 BPK 303

Anthropometric Measures Fall Spring 2008

Anthropometric Equipment 3Spring 2008

4Spring 2008 Anthropometry  Landmarking necessary for repeatability of measures  Only a few landmarks are required for the measures used in this course Standard Landmarking & Measurement Position Landmarks must be short horizontal lines

5Spring 2008 Stretch Stature (Height)  Head held in Frankfort Plane  Requires two people to measure  Feet together  Stretch justified as overcoming diurnal variation  Check for heel lifting (especially in children)

6Spring 2008 Variability of Height  Height can vary up to 2.5cm a day or more  Compression of the intervertebral discs occurs  Lost height can be restored with fetal curls

7Spring 2008 Weight  Fluctuation  Calibrated scale  Beam balances tend to hold calibration longer  OMRON Scale and Body Composition Analyzer

8Spring 2008 Skinfolds  Parallel fold of double thickness of skin plus subcutaneous adipose tissue  Caliper applied perpendicular to the fold  Fold held firmly by left hand while full pressure is applied by caliper  2 second timing until reading  Skinfolds can be measured at any site where there is a loose junction between subcutaneous adipose tissue and the underlying fascia.

9Spring 2008 Skinfold Calipers  Slim Guide  Caliper Pressure? Spring Tension / Jaw Surface Area  Harpenden 10 gm.mm -2  Lange 35 gm.mm -2  Slim Guide 11.4 gm.mm -2 Harpenden Adipometer Slim Guide Fatometer Lange

10Spring 2008 Skinfold Calipers HarpendenLangeSlimGuideFatoMeterAdipometer Precision greater than necessary. Delicate Stays calibrated for a long time Expensive > $200 GOLD STANDARD Small jaw surfaces that pivot Calibration wanders Expensive > $150 ABS Plastic Robust Stays calibrated for a long time Inexpensive $35 Plastic Fragile Parallel jaw surfaces Weak Springs Inexpemsive < $20 Single piece of molded plastic Uses elastic properties of plastic to exert constant tension It Works! < $10

Skinfold Descriptions Technique Subscapular Skinfold the caliper distance when applied one centimeter distally from the left thumb and index finger raising a fold beneath the inferior angle of the scapula in a direction running obliquely downwards at an angle determined by the natural lines of tension in the skin. The pick up can be made consistent by placing the little finger of the left hand on the angle of the scapula then placing the index finger just to the right of it and the thumb just below it. Site

12Spring 2008 Girths  Circumference perpendicular to the long axis of the body segment  Tape should be touching but not indenting skin  Cross-handed technique

Compressive Clothing Effect 13Spring 2008 GIRTHS Slim Top BraNudeSports Bra Swim Suit Chest (meso) Chest (max) cm could be 10 – 15% point shift in percentile rating GIRTHS Yoga Pants Underwear Fitted Shorts Compression Shorts Swim Suit Loose Shorts Gluteal cm could be 20 – 30% point shift in percentile rating Thigh cm could be % point shift in percentile rating

14Spring 2008 Projected Heights  Perpendicular distance from floor to landmark  Tibiale Height usually measured standing although sometimes used seated for disabled populations.  Derived length = difference between two projected heights

15Spring 2008 Direct Lengths  From landmark to landmark

16Spring 2008 Bone Widths & Breadths  Caliper type and placement specific to measurement  Press firmly while measurement is made  Vernier Scale

Validity & Reliability 17Spring 2008 Unreliable Not Valid Unreliable Valid? Reliable Not Valid Reliable Valid

18Spring 2008 Measurement Reliability  How do you quantify reliability?  Is a correlation coefficient adequate?  Technical Error of Measurement?

19Spring 2008 Correlation Coefficient: Poor indicator of reliability  A high correlation between trials does not necessarily indicate reliability unless slope is 1 and intercept is 0.  Means of trials 1 and 2 would be different. Paired t-test with no sig. diff. between means with a high correlation would show high reliability. But this would be clumsy analysis. r = > 0.9 Line of Identity Trial 1 Trial 2

20Spring 2008 Technical Error of Measurement Measure of variability between two trials

21Spring 2008 % TEM  To compare the relative reliabilities of measures using different units such as height and weight, a %TEM is used.  %TEM is the absolute TEM divided by the mean of the measurements multiplied by 100.  A dimensionless score that can be compared across measurements.  Also for same measurement when size is an issue

22Spring 2008 % Technical Error of Measurement IIIdd Sum d29.51 TEM0.89 Mean14.41%TEM6.18

23Spring 2008 Typical Skinfold %TEMs