Sustaining energy in a changing climate - (Inter)National and WA Perspective. UWA Business School Monday 19 October 2010 Prof Ray Wills Chief Executive Officer Western Australian Sustainable Energy Association Inc. The winds and waves are always on the side of the ablest navigators. -- Edward Gibbon

Welcome to Australia

A changing climate for business and the community The science is in, the globe is warming, and we must both mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and rapidly prepare for adaptation to climate change. A raft of immediately accessible and affordable solutions to reduce greenhouse emissions and provide alternative sources of energy are already in our possession - we can act today. Some businesses and members of the community are understandably nervous about the economic ramifications of measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in part because not enough work has been done to assist them understand these issues – this will impact on business opportunities.

Sustainability in a changing climate for the community - and business. McDonald's Corp. is blogging on the environment. Starbucks Corp. has a green-themed online game. Hilton Hotels Corp. linked manager pay to green outcomes. Corporates have worked for decades on pro-environment strategies and corporate social responsibility - concerns about global warming among consumers is accelerating change. Internalising costs. Businesses in green buildings report improved productivity, better staff retention, fewer sick days, millions of dollars in energy savings and a reduced environmental footprint. Some companies that "go green” seen a 25% increase in trade with eco-shoppers and eco-traders, with a trend for green businesses to only deal with other green businesses. First - some science…

The public record

Greenhouse and global warming Greenhouse theory  Basis first proposed by in 1824  Greenhouse = earth’s “blanket” - average temperature about 15°C; otherwise would be -18°C Anthropogenic global warming theory late 1960’s  UN and IMO lead debate late 1979  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change formed 1988  Rio 1992 Earth Summit, Kyoto 1997 … Warming of climate is now unequivocal – global increases in air and ocean temperatures, melting of snow and ice, and rising sea level. The enhanced greenhouse effect is not hypothesis - it is empirically and theoretically well-established.

The Pentagon? A liberal Hotbed? This year, the Pentagon called climate change a threat to national security that "may spark or exacerbate future conflicts." The assessment was part of the Pentagon's official review of military risks, and labeled global warming "an accelerant of instability.” The Australian Academy of Science says the world is warming, that carbon emissions are driving change, that these emissions arise from human activity, and that if we do not reduce emissions, significant impacts on our society and environment will result. Royal Society “Climate change: a summary of the science” says that there is strong evidence that over the last half century, the earth’s warming has been caused largely by human activity. The report restates a previous firm position, yes, conceding there is more to know, but reaffirming we already know enough to act. Almost all of the assembled governments of the world, most of the large publically listed companies, inclusive of banks, insurers, miners, and engineering firms, accept that human induced warming is a critical issue on which we need to act.

Diminishing resources Published numbers: 1,317,000 million barrel reserve consumption at 84 million bpd = 43 years supply remaining. Oil is the end product of marine plants captured atmospheric carbon, the majority of reserves created over a period of 30 or 40 million years starting around 100 million years ago. In 150 years, human activity has released carbon dioxide stored in oil that probably took around 20 million years to accumulate in fossil reserves, and in another 50 years, the remaining 20 million years worth of fossil carbon will be released back in to the atmosphere.

Global impact FlightSuite, NHAW, Technorama, NASA - world flight patterns over 24 hours

GDP vs CO2

Copenhagen

Instrumental record - temperature

The price of non-renewable

The sustainable energy industries Renewable energy generation - domestic and commercial scale - passive design, energy displacement, electricity Energy efficiency Architecture and design Building and construction Domestic and commercial appliances Industrial processes, machinery and vehicles Planning, infrastructure and transport Commercial offices, retail centres, factories, hospitals, schools and universities, homes and multi-unit residential facilities Professional services including educators, consultants, lawyers

All technologies have paybacks

Global renewables 2008 and the world invested more in dollar terms on renewable energy ($155 billion) than on conventional energy ($140 billion) Almost 50% of new generation built around the globe last year (2009) was renewable energy - 80 GW of renewable power capacity built compared to 83 GW of fossil fuel plants China added almost half of the total with 37 GW of renewable energy last year, making China the world's leader in renewable energy generation Renewable sources now 25% global power (electricity) capacity 1,230 GW out of 4,800 GW total (all sources, including coal, gas, nuclear) 60% of newly installed power capacity in Europe renewable more than 50% newly installed in the US renewable In Australia renewable projects 24% - according to ABARE data Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2010, released on 15 July 2010 United Nations Environment Programme / Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century

Global renewables 2009

Bioenergy Some examples Algae fuel Bagasse Biodiesel Biogas Biomass Cellulosic ethanol Ethanol fuel Landfill gas Vegetable oil

Wind

World clean energy Bloomberg-Liebreich.

Solar energy Solar Energy - Photovoltaics (PV)  Grid-connected, or stand alone for remote telecoms, infrastructure and water pumping. PV modules in niche apps - emergency phone, street/other outdoor lighting, marine nav.  Thin film, conventional, advanced/sliver cell, CSPV (4:3:2:1)

World clean energy Bloomberg-Liebreich.

World clean energy Bloomberg-Liebreich.

Installing solar pv

Solar thermal Low-Temperature Collectors  Used for space/water heating  Heat swimming pools  Industrial - salt production in salt farms! Medium-Temperature Collectors  Hot water needed for residential and commercial use High-Temperature Collectors: Concentrated solar power Heat storage  Heat storage - transfer the heat to a substance (molten salt, silicon phase change products, pressurized steam) which can hold the heat with a high energy density.

Water based Hydro and in-stream Ocean current including tidal Wave energy technology

Geothermal Geothermal installations tap heat either for electrical generation or direct use of the heat. 8000MW of electrical generating capacity in 24 countries worldwide 15,000 MW direct heat applications including heat pumps in 71 countries for residential or commercial sectors  space/water heating,  laundries,  textile processes,  greenhouse/aquaculture,  food dehydration.

Renewable energy generation The resource Resource distribution - solar, geothermal, wind, wave, tidal, ocean current Bioenergy and biomass productivity Biomass Wind Wave Solar Current Geothermal

Fuel efficiency, other energy sources Transport Energy storage key New technologies may be disruptive Private transport

Industrial vehicles Biofuels and hybrid diesel/electrics

Commercial vehicles Mitsubishi Fuso Smith Newton electric truck London Bus Honda electric diesel Oshkosh Military Vehicle

Electric transport Series 700 Shinkansen train – 285 km/h Bombardier wireless light rail Slim Ride -15 passengers

Flying fuels Monday February 25, 2008 Virgin Atlantic Stages the First Biofuel Flight British billionaire Richard Branson's Virgin Atlantic has completed the first commercial airline flight partially powered by biofuel. Tuesday October 30, 2007 U.S.A.F. Tests New Synthetic Fuel on Plane

Floating fuels 18 December 2007 German Company Plans SkySail-Powered Atlantic Voyage SkySails-System into operation aboard Germany’s largest fishing vessel – the ROS-171 “Maartje Theadora” – North Sea near Ijmuiden, Netherlands 8 March 2010.

Green cities - Stirling City Centre

Smart grids, smart houses (and offices) Integrated energy planning Smart grids to coordinate the actions of devices such as loads & generators Smart politics

Energy efficiency

Sustainable energy - and energy efficiency Energy efficiency in all forms Distributed, renewable energy Known costs, resource life years Stored energy in commodities, desal Energy storage key to:  improved energy delivery  increased reliability  reduced emissions Walmart Wesfarmers

Waves of innovation

What we can create with energy conservation, energy efficiency, and renewable energy

Enterprise Connect is an Australian Government initiative that provides an Advisory Service with grant assistance to eligible Australian SMEs. Newcastle Innovation, The Australian Institute of Commercialisation and the WA Sustainable Energy Association are partners supporting the delivery of services to industry through the Clean Energy Innovation Centre

WA SEA Sustainable energy peak body Australia’s largest energy chamber Cooperative Research Centre on electrified transport infrastructure  WA SEA facilitating CRC bid – urban/regional, private/public transport, commercial/industrial/mining applications.  Key themes of the proposal are network interface and performance, transport mobility and usability. National Green Vehicle Fleet Lunch – 11 Nov 10  Open to all car manufacturers and fleet managers. Energising SE Asia, Perth March 2011

WA SEA Sustainable energy peak body Australia’s largest energy chamber Renamed: Sustainable Energy Association of Australia