HUMAN ANATOMY Fifth Edition Chapter 1 Lecture Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 3 Lecture Chapter 3 The Tissue Level of Organization Frederic Martini Michael Timmons Robert Tallitsch

Figure 3.1 An Orientation to the Tissues of the Body Introduction Four types of tissues: 1)Epithelial 1)Lining 2)glands 2)Connective 1)Protection 2)Storage 3)connections 3)Muscle 1)movement 4)Nervous 1)Sense 2)communication

Epithelial Tissue Figure 3.2a Polarity of Epithelial Cells Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue: 1)Cells in contact, physically joined together 2)Avascular 3)Basement membrane

Functions of Epithelial Tissue Based on cell shape and number of layers Simple - one layer Stratified - many layers Pseudostratified - appears to be many layers Transitional Provide physical protection Control permeability Provide sensation Secrete

Figure 3.2a Polarity of Epithelial Cells Specialization of Epithelial Cells Microvilli Ciliated epithelium

Figure 3.3a,b Epithelia and Basal Laminae Maintaining the Integrity of the Epithelium Intercellular connections Attachment to the basement membrane (basal lamina)

Classification of Epithelia Simple epithelium has only one layer of cells. Stratified epithelium has several layers of cells. Squamous epithelia are thin flat cells. Cuboid epithelia cube, square. Transitional epithelia changes shape. Columnar epithelia height is usually 3–4 times their width tall and basally located nucleii.

Classification of Epithelia Figure 3.4 Squamous Epithelia

Classification of Epithelia Figure 3.5 Cuboid and Transitional Epithelia

Figure 3.5a Cuboid and Transitional Epithelia Classification of Epithelia

Figure 3.5b Cuboid and Transitional Epithelia Classification of Epithelia

Figure 3.5c Cuboid and Transitional Epithelia Classification of Epithelia

Figure 3.6 Columnar Epithelia Classification of Epithelia

Figure 3.6a Columnar Epithelia Classification of Epithelia

Figure 3.6b Columnar Epithelia Classification of Epithelia

Figure 3.6c Columnar Epithelia Classification of Epithelia

Glandular Epithelia Serous glands secrete enzymes. Mucous glands secrete mucins that absorb water to form mucus. Mixed exocrine glands are capable of both serous and mucous secretions.

Figure 3.7 Mucous and Mixed Glandular Epithelia Glandular Epithelia

Figure 3.8 A Structural Classification of Simple and Compound ExocrineGlands Glandular Epithelia

Figure 3.9 Mechanisms of Glandular Secretions Glandular Epithelia: Modes of Secretion Based on type of secretion: 1)Merocrine -Watery 2)Holocrine - waxy 3)Apocrine - oily

Connective Tissues All connective tissues (CT) have three main components: –Special cells –Fibroblasts –Chondroblasts –osteoblasts –Matrix: –Is the collective term for the extracellular component of any connective tissue that is made up of the protein fibers and the ground substance. Extracellular protein fibers Ground substance

Connective Tissues: Functions Establish the structural framework of the body. Transport fluid and dissolved materials. Protect organs. Support, surround, and connect other tissues. Store energy. Defend the body from microorganisms.

Figure 3.10 A Classification of Connective Tissues Classification of Connective Tissues Connective classification by matrix and cell type

Table 3.1 Cells of Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Proper: Cells

Connective Tissue Proper: Fibers Collagen fibers are very long, cylindrical fibers made up of three subunits coiled around one another. –Collagen is the most common and strongest fiber. Reticular fibers are a single unit of collagen protein. Elastic fibers contain the protein elastin.

Figure 3.13 Loose Connective Tissues Classification of Connective Tissues

Figure 3.13a Loose Connective Tissues Classification of Connective Tissues

Figure 3.13b Loose Connective Tissues Classification of Connective Tissues

Figure 3.13c Loose Connective Tissues Classification of Connective Tissues

Figure 3.14 Dense Connective Tissue Classification of Connective Tissues

Figure 3.14a Dense Connective Tissue Classification of Connective Tissues

Figure 3.14b Dense Connective Tissue Classification of Connective Tissues

Figure 3.14c Dense Connective Tissue Classification of Connective Tissues

Figure 3.15 Formed Elements of the Blood Fluid Connective Tissues Blood is a fluid CT containing a matrix called plasma and various types of cells, or formed elements. Lymph is formed as interstitial fluid is collected into lymphatic vessels to be brought back to the blood vessels.

Supporting Connective Tissues Supporting CT contains: –Few cells –High amounts of fiber –A ground substance that may contain insoluble calcium salts

Figure 3.17 Types of Cartilage Supporting Connective Tissues: Cartilage

Figure 3.17a Types of Cartilage Supporting Connective Tissues: Cartilage

Figure 3.17b Types of Cartilage Supporting Connective Tissues: Cartilage

Figure 3.17c Types of Cartilage Supporting Connective Tissues: Cartilage

Figure 3.18 Bone Supporting Connective Tissues: Bone

Figure 3.19 Membranes Membranes Mucous membranes are wet membranes with a connection to the exterior. Serous membranes line the ventral body cavity. The cutaneous membrane is a thick, dry, water-resistant membrane. Synovial membranes areolar tissue with an incomplete layer of overlying epithelium.

Figure 3.20 The Fasciae The Connective Tissue Framework of the Body

Figure 3.21 Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue

Figure 3.21a Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue

Figure 3.21b Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue

Figure 3.21c Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue

Figure 3.22 Neural Tissue Neural Tissue Neural tissue (nervous tissue, or nerve tissue) is specialized to conduct electrical signals through the body. –Neurons are the cells that actually transmit the electrical signals. –Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the neural tissue.

Tissues, Nutrition, and Aging Repair and maintenance become less efficient as one ages. Hormonal changes and lifestyle changes also affect the functioning of tissues. Epithelia usually thin and connective tissues become fragile. Cardiac muscle tissue and neural tissue cannot regenerate, therefore, relatively minor damage adds up over time, sometimes causing severe health issues.