Home Area Networking for the Smart Grid Erik Cates David Green Daniel Han Justin Michela ECE 4007 Koblasz/Maxwell Fall 2010 In Conjunction With: Unmesh Deolekar David Gallmeier CS 4911 Zegura Fall 2010

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 Home Area Networking Fundamentals The Smart Meter is “part Ipod, part electricity meter” GUI software + Microcontroller Smart Meter + Wall outlets Provides huge savings for both customer and utility Cost for our household system (Smart Meter + Outlet) = $ Building block for tomorrow’s Smart Grid

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 System Overview

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 Technical Objectives Smart Meter Manages USB/serial, ZigBee Summarizes total household power consumption Touch Screen GUI Proposed Wi-Fi Communication Wall Outlets Measures voltage, current, & power for each device Sends/receives ZigBee communications Remotely controlled Relay for on/off control

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 Outlet Hardware Diagram

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 Design Review: Wall Outlet Key Considerations Power Calculation Alternatives Safety (Personal and Electrical) Ease of Installation Space Constraints

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 PCB Design Design Considerations: 2 Layer Board Size of Board Surface Mount Component Component Placement Room for Expansion

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 Voltage and Current Calculations Voltage Measurements from Voltage Divider: Current Measurements from Current Sensing Resistor: Transfer Function of Isolators: Combining equations:

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 XBee Communication Support Point-to-point communication Mesh networking 150 Ft. Range with 1mW transceiver Industry standard for low power home area networking

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 Serial Communication Baud rate consideration Sending time vs. accuracy Device compatibility Packet consolidation Lossless conversion Simple retransmission Multiple serial pathways in smart meter Rationale for choosing MEGA board Supports hardware expansions

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 Communication Block Diagram Voltage Reader Current Reader Relay Control ATmega Chip XBee Device Touch Screen GUI Smart Meter USB Interface PC GUI Wi-Fi DatabaseWebsite

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 Sampling Procedure

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 Design Review: Code Touch Screen Logic Monitors user input & forwards it to Smart Meter Receives and displays power consumption data Smart Meter Logic Manages network of connected devices Maintains forwarding tables for entire system Microprocessor Logic Calculates power consumption Transmits consumption data to Smart Meter

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 Acceptance Testing Device:Smart MeterFluke ParameterValue % Error Voltage VAC119.1 VAC2.28% Current.44 Amps.38 Amps15.79% Real Power53.31 Watts45.26 Watts17.79% Reactive Power7.45 Vars-- Apparent Power53.52 VA-- Power Factor Device:Smart MeterFluke ParameterValue % Error Voltage VAC119.9 VAC2.07% Current.4 Amps.25 Amps60.00% Real Power26.2 Watts29.98 Watts-12.61% Reactive Power42.96 Vars-- Apparent Power50.3 VA-- Power Factor Watt Light Bulb Laptop

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 Analysis of Acceptance Testing Compounded Error Data Transformation –A/D, Scaling, Sampling, Packaging –Multiple Transmission Stages Accuracy improvements are attainable

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 Hardware Design Issues Operating Relay –Control voltage input Isolator Performance Microcontroller operation on PCB –Cross Talk –Capacitance on voltage source

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 Software Design Issues Managing Serial Connections –Data length vs. Transmission time –3 bi-directional pathways Proprietary IDE and libraries –Multiple libraries for each new hardware expansion

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 Budget And Cost Analysis Typical System Cost 1 Smart Meter + 20 Outlets = $1300 Project Budget and Amount Spent Budget = $440 Spent = $450 Analysis Current HAN systems exist in the $200 – 1,000 price range Smart Meter PartCost Arduino Mega$64.95 Battery Pack$47.52 Touch Screen$ Xbee$22.95 TOTAL$ Outlet PartCost Relay$6.63 Isolator (2)$ VDC Regulator (2)$ VDC Regulator$0.75 Xbee$22.95 ATmega328$5.00 Current Sensor$1.72 Crystal Oscillator$1.25 TOTAL$48.56

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 Future Work Include Wi-Fi communication capability Develop outlet boxes for 240V main lines Incorporate time-of-day electricity pricing & Apps Incorporate solar generation & battery storage Streamline product packaging

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 CS Project Designed Database to store remotely collected data Organizational tools for ease of access Web interface allows for world-wide access

GE Smart Grid Project 13th November 2009 Project Demonstration 13th November 2009 GE Smart Grid Project

13th November 2009 Questions? 13th November 2009 GE Smart Grid Project