European History Protestant Reformation Martin Luther (1483-1546) For in the righteousness of God is revealed through faith for faith; as it is written, "The one who is righteous will live by faith" ( Romans 1:17 ) European History Protestant Reformation

Childhood & Youth born Nov. 10, 1483 – Martin Luder, son of copper miner German Father worked himself up to middle class -- middle class family Father was a strict disciplinarian

Promise to become a monk July 2, 1505 near Sotterheim, nearly struck by lightning cried out to Saint Ann Promised to be monk if spared 1505 enters Augustinian Monastery in Erfurt

Priest & Professor Took vows & ordained 9 months after entering 1 ½ Years of Theological study Struggled with Scrupulosity: imagining sin where there is none or imagining grave matter where there is none 1512 Doctorate in Theology Professorship at Wittenberg (1514-1518)

Luther’s image of God Righteous lawgiver Administer of justice “severe” image of God (not uncommon at the time) Believed God would not forgive him Went to confession many times a day sometimes

Luther’s Objections to the Church Misunderstanding of Divine Justice and man’s sinfulness The spark: The sale of indulgences…

Indulgences as of 1514 Priest at Wittenburg’s City Church enraged over sale of indulgences and manner in which Tetzel sold them Luther preaches against the sale of indulgences

Indulgences Pope Leo X needs money to fund construction of St. Peter’s Basilica “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.” – Johannes Tetzel Luther questions the Pope’s authority to maintain the claims of the indulgences and worries that people are actually damning themselves by purchasing them

95 Theses Oct. 31, 1517: posted 95 Theses, Castle Church of Wittenberg The 95 Theses themselves are not heretical June 27, 1519 Leipzig Debate – Johannes Eck made it clear to Luther what his 95 Theses and subsequent writings taught or implied= opposition to Church, dismissed Papal authority, dismissed authority of Church councils

The Divide Widens…(1520) Address to the Nobility of the German Nation Political plea in German to German princes to overthrow the papacy in Germany and establish a reformed church The Babylonian Captivity of the Church Theological tract in Latin attacking sacramental system of the Church has held the real meaning of Christianity captive for thousands of years On the Freedom of Christian Man Doctrine of salvation – man is saved by grace and faith alone “Good works do not make a good man, but a good man does good works.”

Burning the Papal Bull June 15, 1520 – Papal Bull (Pope Leo X), Luther must recant or be excommunicated – 2 months to decide Luther protests: burns Bull and Code of Canon Law Jan. 3, 1521 – Luther is excommunicated Summoned by Reichstag and Emperor Charles V to Diet of Worms to recant

Diet of Worms, Jan. 1521 Luther declared an outlaw Works should be burned and banned Warrant for arrest under penalty of death Luther’s protector Elector Friedrich the Wise of Saxon

The Wartburg

The Wartburg 1521 Luther goes to Wartburg in 11 weeks he translates the New Testament, “September Testament” published in 1522 standardizes the German language

Luther returns Returns to Wittenburg begins seriously writing to spread his beliefs Dissemination of pamphlets Help from German princes interested in gaining independence from the Habsburg Emperor

Spread of Reform Huldrych Zwingli Believed that Luther had not gone far enough Banished images of Christ, saints Rejected the Eucharist

Peasants’ War 1524 peasants led by Thomas Münzer (priest/former Luther follower) demand more just economical conditions Luther encourages spiritual freedom from despots, not economic or political freedom Peasants are violently put down on May 15, 1525 (5 – 6,000 killed by Imperial Army) After 1525, the reform moved out of the realm of religion

Luther’s Theology Luther downplays man’s capacity for theological knowledge and the merit of good works Luther believed that man cannot do good – he can never overcome his sinfulness The soul will always remain corrupt Jesus covers the sin so that one can be saved

Luther’s Theology Romans 1:17 Justification through faith alone, no works 4 doctrines from this idea Sola scriptura – no Tradition Sola fide – no corporal/spiritual works of mercy Sola gratia Solo Christo

Luther’s Church 2 sacraments: Baptism and Communion Transubstantiation vs. Consubstantiation “Priesthood of all believers” No hierarchy w/in the church SO Luther relies on princes and political authorities to help organize and guide the Lutheran church Social & educational responsibilities taken over by church Community money box need for well-educated pastors, teachers, & civil servants Authorities obligated to provide a good education for the youth

Luther marries June 13, 1525 Luther marries Katharina von Bora Big happy family 6 children, 1 of Katharina’s relatives, 6 of Luther’s sister’s children, student boarders former nun who had taken refuge in Wittenberg 16 years younger

Split of the Holy Roman Empire After 1525, there are Lutheran states and Catholic states Charles V tries to bring unity Truce between factions Asked for a Church Council] Tried to establish dialogue with Lutherans 1546 went to war against the Lutheran princes

Peace of Augsburg 1555 Charles V hands the war over to his brother Ferdinand Ferdinand agrees to the Peace of Augsburg Acknowledges Lutheran as a religious option in the empire Rulers are free to determine if their realms are Lutheran or Catholic

Protestant Reformation across Europe, 1520-1570 Radical reform desired by Anabaptists Separation of Church and State Abolish infant baptism Refused civil obligations (taxes, militia, etc.) Charles V outlaws Anabaptist beliefs John Calvin French Studied Theology then Law

Calvinism Calvin converted to Protestantism Fled from Paris because of pro Catholic French government Writes The Institutes of Christian Religion in 1536 Most well known teaching is double predestination Ruled Geneva

Spread of Calvinism Geneva is center Sent out missionaries throughout Europe Calvinists in France are Huguenots Gain adherents in the Netherlands John Knox takes Calvinism to Scotland in 1558 – Presbyterian

Reform in England Henry VIII is king In 1521 he publishes a treatise against Lutheranism Wanted to marry Anne Boleyn (already married to Catherine of Aragon) Asks for annulment NO from the Pope YES from Archbishop of Canterbury

Henry VIII Married Anne Boleyn Pope excommunicated him Henry responded with The Act of Supremacy “the supreme head on earth of the Church in England”

Reform in England 1547 Henry VIII is succeed by his only son Edward VI 1553 Edward VI dies Mary (Henry and Catherine’s daughter) succeeded Edward VI She is Catholic & restores Catholicism in England Executed 300+ Protestants – “Bloody Mary”

Reform in England 1558 Mary died childless Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn) succeeded Mary She is Protestant 1571 declares official Theology of the Church in England (39 Articles)