Luther Starts the Reformation The creation of the _______________ and the reaction of the _____________

Causes of the Reformation Many forces and circumstances weakened the church –_______________________________________ –In Germany, difficult for pope or emperor to impose central authority –Northern merchants resented paying taxes to Rome Problems in the ______________ –Popes _____________________________________________ –Priests and monks _______________ Some married, gambled, drank in excess Early Calls for Reform –John Wycliffe and Jan Hus denied that ______________________ and taught that ______________________________________

Luther Challenges the Church ____________ –Taught scripture at the University of Wittenberg from 1512 until his death –In 1517, took a stand against the actions of a friar named Johann Tetzel who was raising money to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral Tetzel had been selling ______________ –Indulgences were _____________; people started believing they could “____” their way into heaven ____________ –Luther, troubled by indulgences, wrote ___________(formal statements) attacking the “pardon-merchants” –On October 31, 1517 Luther posted the 95 theses on the door of the castle in Wittenberg, inviting other scholars to debate him ________________________and thus his ideas spread rapidly through Germany –His actions began the __________________ This lead to the formation of Christian Churches ________________________________

The Reformation –A movement for religious reform –Luther moved beyond indulgences and called for a full reform of the church –Teachings rested on three main ideas: _______________________________________________ All church teachings should be based on the _______________________________________________ All people of faith are equal; therefore, they do not need _________________________________ The Response to Luther –In 1520 Pope Leo X threatens to ________________ Luther unless he retracted his statements Luther and his students burned the Pope’s decree –Luther is _____________________________________

The Emperor’s Opposition –Charles V (20 years old); devout Catholic Issues _____________________ –No food or water for Luther –All of Luther’s books burned –Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony Sheltered Luther in his castle –Luther ____________________________ –Luther returns to Wittenberg where many of his ideas were being put into practice Preaching in German Ministers married –Luther and his followers become known as the _________________________

The Peasants’ Revolt –1524, reformers excited by talk of Christian freedom demand the end of serfdom ___________________________________________ Luther wrote letter to princes saying show no mercy –Princes armies crush the revolt; massacre approx. 100,000 –Feeling betrayed, many peasants reject Luther Germany at War –1529, German princes who support pope agree to join forces against Luther’s ideas –Princes who support Luther sign a protest against this agreement The protesting princes became known as _____________ –Eventually Protestant means __________________________ –Charles V goes to war with Protestants ___________________(1555) –Charles and all German princes, Protestant and Catholic assemble in Augsburg –____________________________________________ –Famous religious settlement known as Peace of Augsburg

Henry the VIII needed a male heir to take over the throne –Catherine, his wife, could have no more children, thus Henry “needed” to annul their marriage The pope refused to make the annulment ___________________________ –1529, Henry asks Parliament to pass a set of laws that ended the Pope’s power in England –1533, Henry secretly marries Anne Boleyn Parliament legalizes Henry’s divorce from Catherine –1534, Parliament votes to approve Act of Supremacy This act made the English King the _________________________ Thus, the break with the __________ is made complete Consequences of Henry’s changes –Henry closes all ______________________________________ –Henry’s third wife (Jane Seymour) gave him his son, Edward –All 3 of Henry’s children eventually ruled England England Becomes Protestant

Elizabeth Restores Protestantism –1558, Elizabeth returns England to Protestantism Set-up a national church; only legal church in England Parliament declared Elizabeth head of the Anglican Church –Establishes a state church for moderate Catholics & Protestants ____________________________________ Could deliver sermons in ______________ Kept the rich Catholic ________________________ Book of Common Prayer revised to be more acceptable to Catholics The __________________ –Phillip (Spanish King) planned to attack Protestant England in retaliation for Elizabeth’s _____________________________ ships 8000 sailors, soldiers composed the Spanish Armada –Bad weather and the English Fleet defeated the Spanish completely –Money was a major problem during Elizabeth’s reign She attempted to solve this problem with the formation of an American empire

Other Reformers –Christians began ____________________________, thus leading to the formation of new Protestant groups –Anabaptists _________________________________________________ (no infant baptism) _____________________________________________ –Amish, Mennonites, Quakers, and Baptists (at first) –Women Katherina Zell; claimed she had done more than any minister Katherina von Bora (Luther’s wife) –Well-run household became a model for others As Protestant religions became more established, male church leaders frowned upon _______ taking leadership roles