Italian City-States  Renaissance means “Rebirth”  Italy was the center of the Roman Empire  Wealthy merchant class, who played a role in politics  Medici family Wealthy banking family that were patrons to the arts Controlled Florence

What Was The Renaissance  Time of creativity & change  People wanted a rebirth after the medieval ages  Humanism was at the heart of the ren.  Education focused more on poetry, history, grammar & rhetoric  Francesco Petrarch built a library of Greek & Roman manuscripts

Golden Age in the Arts  Humanists art portrays religious figures & well known people  Perspective technique  Women had a hard time becoming artists  Architecture changed from gothic to more Roman styles

Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art  Leonardo da Vinci Inventor, painter Dissected human corpses & sketched it  Michelangelo Painter Painted the Sistine Chapel  Raphael Painter School of Athens

Italian Renaissance Writers  Baldassare Castiglione Writes the How To book, Book of the Courtier Describes how to become a well-mannered, educated aristocrat  Niccolo Machiavelli Writes The Prince Urged rulers to use any means necessary to achieve power

Artists of the Northern Renaissance  Albrecht Durer German Leonardo, brought ren. To Germany Engraver

Northern Humanists  Desiderius Erasmus Dutch Priest Had the Bible translated into Greek& vernacular  Thomas More Pressed social reform Writes Utopia & describes a perfect society

Writers for a New Audience  William Shakespeare English Poet & Playwright Romeo & Juliet  Miguel de Cervantes Spain Don Quixote

Printing Revolution  Johann Gutenberg invents the printing press  Bible is mass produced

Abuses In The Church  Popes tried to rule everything  Fought for power against Nobles & Monarchs  Lavish Lifestyles  Sold indulgences to fund the church  Promised it would lessen the time spent in purgatory

Luther’s Protest  1517 people are fed up with church corruption  Led by Martin Luther a German monk & professor of theology  Johann Tetzel selling indulgences in Wittenberg to rebuild the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome  Claimed contributions would ensure salvation for you & your dead relatives  Luther nails 95 theses to the doors of Wittenberg’s All Saints Church

Luther vs. the Church  Luther’s arguments Only be saved by faith Pope has no control over the afterlife Indulgences are not in the Bible Church needs to be reformed  Catholic Church demands Luther recants or be excommunicated  Luther refuses & is excommunicated

Luther vs. the Church  Luther is summoned by Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V  Asked to recant, refuses & is declared an outlaw All writing are illegal Aiding Luther is illegal  Hid in a castle in Wartburg for a year  Becomes a hero in Germany

Luther’s Teachings  Good deeds do not get you into heaven, faith alone  Bible is the sole source of religious truth not the clergy  Clergy does not have “special powers” everyone has access to God  Translates Bible to German  Rejected the sacraments of indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, & prayers to saints  Clergy can marry, mass focuses on sermon  Lutheran Church

Spread of Lutheran Ideas  Printing press help to spread Luther’s ideas  Protestant, “protest” papal authority  Many saw Luther’s ideas as a way to fix Church corruption  Some saw it as a way overthrow the Church & the Holy Roman Empire  National Loyalty in Germany

The Peasants’ Revolt  Peasants support Luther’s ideas in hope of his support for social & economic change  1524 Peasants’ Revolt sweeps across Germany  Demanded end of serfdom  Luther denounces it & helps the nobles to suppress the rebellion  Tens of thousands killed

Peace of Augsburg  1555 Treaty between Charles V & Lutheran princes  Allowed each prince to decide the religion of the land that they owned

John Calvin  Works with Ulrich Zwingli towards reforming the church  Born in France a priest & lawyer  Same ideas as Luther  Predestination  Calvin runs a theocracy in Geneva  Built a model community

Zwingli & Calvin

Calvinism Spreads  Reformers from Europe visited Geneva & were impressed  Dutch Reformed Church organized  Scottish Protestants overthrow their Catholic Queen

The English Reformation  Henry VIII went to the Pope to seek an annulment  Catherine of Aragon had not provided Henry VIII w/ an heir to the throne  Henry VIII went to the Pope for to annul his marriage & was denied  The Pope did want to offend Charles V Catherine’s cousin

The English Reformation  Henry was furious  Henry took control of the Church of England & the Pope lost all power in England  Act of Supremacy made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England”  Any Catholic who refused to accept the Act were executed

The English Reformation  Henry gained many lands & money from corrupt convents & monasteries  Henry would die & his 10 year old son Edward VI became king  Edward’s advisors passed many Protestant laws  Edward died in his teens & Mary Tudor became queen  She wanted England to be Catholic & burned Protestants at the stake

The English Reformation  Queen Elizabeth comes to power  Elizabethan settlement passes several compromises between Catholics & Protestants  Church services kept Catholic traditions  Monarchy is still head of church  Accepted Protestant Doctrine

Catholic Reformation  Pope Paul III saw the need to reform the Catholic Church  Wanted to end church corruption  Council of Trent Salvation comes through good works & faith Bible not the only source of truth Est. schools Fined corrupt clergy

Catholic Reformation  Inquisition Used secret testimony, torture, execution to stop heresy Banned books

Widespread Persecution  Catholics & Protestants fought constantly  Witch Hunts would accuse people of being agents of the devil & would be burned at the stake  Jews were pushed out of many placed & migrated towards Poland

Changes in Views of the Universe  Nicolaus Copernicus proposes his heliocentric theory  Many reject it & Copernicus is shunned  Tycho Brahe & Johanes Kepler helped prove the heliocentric theory  Galileo builds a telescope & discovers the planets in orbit  The Catholic Church forces him to rebuke his finding for fear of death

New Scientific Method  Scientific Method is created  Scientists must now confirm their findings  No one can make a claim w/out proof

Isaac Newton  Isaac Newton discovers gravity  Newton’s Laws of Motion  Also developed calculus

Scientific Advances  Chemistry started to break away from alchemy  Robert Boyle distinguished between individual elements & chemical compounds  Also explained the effect temperature had on pressure & gas

Scientific Advances  Andreas Vesalius published the 1 st detailed book on human anatomy  Ambroise Pare develops a disinfectant & stitches  Anthony van Leeuwenhoek invents the 1 st microscope