THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1863-1965 Chapter 21 p. 700-723

Segregation and Separation 1863--14th Amendment granted full citizenship to the former slaves called for “due process” and “equal protection under the law” 1875 Civil Rights Act “all persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations…” Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional

Segregation and Separation 1890--Louisiana law and trains “equal but separate accommodations…” Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) ruled that “separate but equal” did not violate the 14th Amendment. “Jim Crow” laws racial prejudice and segregation in the North as well.

Challenging segregation World War II labor Minorities in the military Truman integrated the military in 1948 formation of organizations to campaign for voting and challenge Jim Crow NAACP Charles Hamilton Houston Thurgood Marshall

Challenging segregation Morgan v. Virginia (1946) Sweatt v. Painter (1950) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

Reaction to Brown initial reaction was mixed Kansas and Oklahoma Mississippi and Georgia Baltimore and Washington, D.C. the KKK and White Citizen’s Councils Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957 Central High School

Little Rock “The Little Rock Nine” Governor Orville Faubus hand chosen by NAACP 1st day of school Elizabeth Eckford, Ernest Green, Melba Patillo plan fails 2nd attempt nine days later Eisenhower and Arkansas National Guard 1957 Civil Rights Act Warriors Don’t Cry

Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus

Central High School Little Rock, Arkansas

The “Little Rock Nine” front: Gloria Ray, Elizabeth Eckford, Carlotta Watts, Minnijean Brown. back: Jefferson Thomas, Daisy Bates, Thelma Mothershed, Terrance Roberts, Melba Patillo, Ernest Green

Elizabeth Eckford

Montgomery, Alabama, 1955 May, 1954 December 1, 1955 Jo Ann Robinson Rosa Parks E.D. Nixon bus boycott Montgomery Improvement Association Martin Luther King, Jr.

Rosa Parks prior to arrest

A young Martin Luther King, Jr.

The Bus Boycott organized quickly support MLK’s home bombed filed a lawsuit carpools or walked support MLK’s home bombed lasted 381 days 1956--Supreme Court ruling

King in front of fire-bombed home

The Movement Begins Boycott and King showed: power of organization and unity “nonviolent resistance” “civil disobedience” quote, p. 705

The Movement Begins Emmett Till murder SCLC SNCC used students as protesters sit-ins February, 1960 Woolworth’s in Greensboro, North Carolina tv

Emmett Till

Sit-in at Woolworth’s Jackson, Mississippi

The Movement continues 1961--The Freedom Riders organization Bus One and Bus Two Alabama state line attack Birmingham, Alabama Bus Two and Anniston, Alabama violence in Birmingham and Montgomery

Freedom Riders map, 1961

Bus Two outside Anniston, Alabama

The Movement continues Integration of public schools K-12 schools closed remained segregated private and parochial schools colleges and universities Auburn Harold Franklin Ole Miss James Meredith Alabama Autherine Lucy

Harold Franklin, James Meredith, Autherine Lucy

The Movement comes to Alabama and Mississippi April, 1963 April 3--MLK is arrested “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” May 3--protesters are hosed by sheriff Eugene “Bull” Connor June 11, 1963--murder of Medgar Evers in Mississippi September, 1963--16th Street Baptist Church bombed

The Movement draws worldwide attention August, 1963 March on Washington, D.C. MKL’s “I Have a Dream Speech” Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination based on race, gender, religion, national origin. ended segregation in all public facilities

The fight to vote Freedom Summer New political parties college students Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, James Chaney Neshoba County, Mississippi, June 21, 1964 New political parties Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Fannie Lou Hammer

Neshoba County

The fight to vote Selma, Alabama Voting Rights Act of 1965 March 7, 1965 “Bloody Sunday” March 21, 1965 Voting Rights Act of 1965

The Movement expands Voting and an end to segregation got people thinking—what else can be changed????? end to poverty change social structure new focus on the North/urban violence new leadership

The Movement expands Northern segregation Urban violence de facto segregation de jure segregation Chicago riots and protests Urban violence New York Watts in Los Angeles, California

New Leadership, New Ideas Malcolm X (1964) Stokely Carmichael (1966) “Black Power” Black Panthers (1966)

1968--a violent year April 4, 1968 June, 1968 Civil Rights Act of 1968 Memphis, Tennessee The Lorraine Motel James Earl Ray June, 1968 Robert Kennedy Sirhan Sirhan Civil Rights Act of 1968

Civil Rights since 1968 Fight for equality has continued: Women’s rights Hispanics and bi-lingual ballots Equal pay for equal work “Victim’s Rights” laws “Are we changing attitudes or just changing platitudes?”