Differences between States of Matter PropertySolidLiquidGas ShapeDefiniteVariableVariable VolumeDefiniteDefiniteVariable Expands w/heating Very Slightly ModeratelyGreatly Compressible?NoNoYes

Organic Flavor Carbon can bond and form long chains Like in soap molecules Carbon can form rings Like in sugar molecule Carbon can form huge networks of carbon atoms Like in diamonds Carbon is always bonded to 4 things. Carbons unique size (atomic radius) and electronegativity (we’ll get to that in a minute) means that it can form very strong COVALENT (that means SHARE) bonds between itself and H and O and N and other atoms

Loose Ends—Chapter 14 Periodic Trends Atomic Radius Decreases from left to right in period (because of increased shielding) Increases as you go down a group (because you are going to higher energy levels, which are further away from the nucleus). Ionic Radius Same as atomic radius Big change in size between groups 14 and 15, where you shift from cation to anion.

Cations and Anions Cation = positive ion Cations are smaller than atoms because they LOST electrons Anion = negative ion Anions are LARGER than atoms because they GAIN electrons

Loose Ends—Chapter 14 Periodic Trends Ionization Energy Increases from left to right in period (OPPOSITE from atomic radius and ionic radius) Decreases as you go down a group (because it gets easier to remove the electron the further away it is from the nucleus. Electronegativity (how strong an atom attracts electrons to itself). Same as ionization energy in terms of trends. DRAW ARROWS on your periodic table to represent trends!

Other Loose Ends…Vapor vs Gas Vapors and Gases are both gases Vapors and Gases are both gases A VAPOR describes molecules in the gaseous state of a substance that is NORMALLY liquid or solid at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure. A VAPOR describes molecules in the gaseous state of a substance that is NORMALLY liquid or solid at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure. When you smell perfume, you smell the vapor molecules in the air. When you smell perfume, you smell the vapor molecules in the air. A GAS is a substance that is in the gaseous state at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure. A GAS is a substance that is in the gaseous state at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure. You smell the perfume’s vapors

Mixtures types of mixtures 2 types of mixtures Heterogeneous Heterogeneous Two or More Phases Two or More Phases Homogeneous Homogeneous One Phase One Phase Phase = any part of a chemical system with a uniform composition and properties. Phase = any part of a chemical system with a uniform composition and properties. Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions (Chap 18). Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions (Chap 18).

Types of solutions Koolaid, Koolaid, Alloys (solutions of metals like brass or steel) Alloys (solutions of metals like brass or steel) Air (solution of gases) are solutions you might know. Air (solution of gases) are solutions you might know. Heterogeneous mixtures are things like a salad or a pepperoni pizza. You can easily see the different phases and easily separate them. Heterogeneous mixtures are things like a salad or a pepperoni pizza. You can easily see the different phases and easily separate them.

Distillation /activity/distil.htm Distillation can be used to separate a mixture of liquids based on boiling points. Distillation can be used to separate a mixture of liquids based on boiling points. This is a distillation setup. This is a distillation setup.     

Solutions or NOT solutions? There are some heterogeneous mixtures that APPEAR to be solutions, but they are not. There are some heterogeneous mixtures that APPEAR to be solutions, but they are not. Suspensions and Colloids have solid particles which are small enough to float in the liquid. The only difference is that the particles in a suspension are larger than those in a colloid. The particles in a suspension will eventually settle out due to gravity. A colloid won’t do that. Suspensions and Colloids have solid particles which are small enough to float in the liquid. The only difference is that the particles in a suspension are larger than those in a colloid. The particles in a suspension will eventually settle out due to gravity. A colloid won’t do that. Emulsions are liquid droplets suspended in another liquid. Emulsions are liquid droplets suspended in another liquid. Mayo = Emulsion and a very tasty one!

Solutions or NOT solutions? Muddy water is a suspension Muddy water is a suspension Milk is a colloid Milk is a colloid You know that oil and water don’t mix. However, if you add a special type of chemical called a “surfactant” (soap is one type of surfactant), you can form an emulsion in which the soap bonds to the oil molecules, and then that complex can be dissolved in water. The soapy bubbles are an emulsion. You know that oil and water don’t mix. However, if you add a special type of chemical called a “surfactant” (soap is one type of surfactant), you can form an emulsion in which the soap bonds to the oil molecules, and then that complex can be dissolved in water. The soapy bubbles are an emulsion. Got Colloid? A suspension eventually settles out.

Allotropes Allotropes = different forms of the same element. Different structures with different properties. Allotropes = different forms of the same element. Different structures with different properties. Diamond and graphite are both forms of carbon. Diamond and graphite are both forms of carbon. Oxygen (O 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ) are both allotropes of oxygen. Oxygen (O 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ) are both allotropes of oxygen. l Diamond and graphite are both allotropes of carbon.

HONClBrIF The top row are diatomic elements. The top row are diatomic elements. Diatomic means 2 atoms. Diatomic means 2 atoms. HONClBrIF tells you the identity of the 7 diatomic elements. HONClBrIF tells you the identity of the 7 diatomic elements. All other elements can exist as single atoms. All other elements can exist as single atoms.

Shorthand electron configurations Use the NOBEL GAS which precedes the element. Remove the electron configuration for the Nobel gas from your configuration and replace it with [NG] where NG = the symbol for the specific Noble gas. Let’s do a few examples…

More examples

Exceptions to the Rules for electron configurations Copper and Chromium do not follow the rules. By not following the rules, copper and chromium form a more stable configuration than would be predicted by the rules. A half full set of p or d orbitals is a stable configuration. A full set of p or d orbitals is even MORE stable. This is why the Nobel gases are completely unreactive. They have a full set of valence electrons and don’t want or need yours. It also explains WHY Zinc only has a charge of +2.

Here’s why…