Annual- and zonal-mean climate of the tropics (NCEP) Relative humidity [%] Temperature [degC] surface pressure [mb] equatorial trough subtropical high.

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Presentation transcript:

Annual- and zonal-mean climate of the tropics (NCEP) Relative humidity [%] Temperature [degC] surface pressure [mb] equatorial trough subtropical high subtropical high

Angular momentum conservation and zonal acceleration When parcel moves poleward, r decreases so v must increase in order to keep L constant

Walker cell

The real Walker cell (Trenberth et al. 2000)

Monsoon circulation

Asian monsoon

American monsoons N. AmericaS. America

African monsoon

Moist static energy h (10 5 J/kg) DJF JJA

Components of moist static energy averaged over Hadley cell (10S–30N, DJF) pressure (hPa) energy (10 5 J/kg) latent potential sensible total

Vertically averaged energy transport (arrows) and its divergence (shade, W/m2) (Trenberth&Stepaniak 2003) Total Dry Moist

Net surface energy flux (NCEP, W/m 2)

Tropical cyclones Definition: cyclonic system driven principally by energy transfer from ocean. Categories by max surface wind: –up to 17 m/s: tropical depression –18–32 m/s: tropical storm –over 32 m/s: hurricane/typhoon Scale: 100–1000 km diameter Frequency: ~ 80 tropical cyclones per year globally (very stable number) Occur mostly in summer/early autumn Hurricane-like storms also occur in Mediterranean (“medicanes”) and in Arctic (“polar lows”)

Tropical cyclone tracks, 1985–2005

Distribution of cyclone occurrence by intensity

Tropical cyclone structure

Potential intensity theory W = rate of working by cyclone D = energy dissipation rate V max = max surface wind speed p(V max ) = surface pressure at location of V max

Potential intensity as function of Ts, T0

Potential intensity compared with actual intensity

Winds here are normalized by the maximum potential value. Note that this is a cumulative distribution, ie. the y-axis gives the probability of achieving a windspeed equal or greater than the corresponding x-axis value.

Cold wakes

Increasing destructiveness Power Dissipation Index: