Chapter 22 Notes- Human Geography of Southwest Asia Religion, Politics, & Oil

Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula Islam- based on the teachings of Muhammad. Monotheistic Mosque- place of worship All Muslims (followers of Islam) perform the 5 pillars.

Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula 5 Pillars 1. Faith (Iman or Shahadah)- no God but Allah, & Muhammad is messenger of Allah 2. Prayer (Salah)- praying 5x’s per day towards Mecca 3. Charity (Zakah)- giving money to the poor.

Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula 5 Pillars cont.- 4. Fasting (Saum)- during month of Ramadan, do not eat or drink anything between sunrise & sunset. 5. Pilgrimage (Hajj)- make pilgrimage to Mecca once during life.

Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula Theocratic- religious leaders control the government. many of the governments in the region are this Ayatollah- Muslim religious leader

Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries- Members set worldwide oil prices & production quotas DON’T WRITE- Members include Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.

Crude oil reserves (million barrels) Which countries have the largest reserves of crude oil? Country Crude oil reserves (million barrels) Saudi Arabia 262,697 Iraq 112,500 Iran 99,080 United Arab Emirates 97,800 Kuwait 96,500

Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula Arabic Women- Most cover themselves from head to toe in a burqa (Arabic covering) Modesty & being covered is believed to be pleasing to god.

Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean 3 major religions were all started in Southwest Asia Judaism, Christianity, & Islam All 3 claim Jerusalem as a holy city.

Section 2:The Eastern Mediterranean Jews- Jerusalem is holiest city Holiest site- Western Wall (Wailing Wall) Whole area is known as the Temple Mount DON’T WRITE First Temple built by King Solomon then destroyed Temple rebuilt Second Temple destroyed by the Romans Only piece left standing is known as the Western Wall No Jewish temple on site since 70 A.D.

Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean DON’T WRITE Christians cherish the land as the area where Jesus Christ was crucified & for the holy areas of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher (where crucified) & Mount of the Olives.

Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean Islam claims Jerusalem as 3rd holiest city behind Mecca & Medina Dome of the Rock- spot where Muslims believe the Prophet Muhammad rose into heaven AKA- Haram Ash-Sharif (Temple Mount) Next to Western Wall Site of frequent clashes between Muslims & Jews

Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean Ottoman Empire- Muslim based government, started in Turkey Lasted from 1520-1920 (‘til end of WW1)

Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean Zionism- goal of the creation & support of a Jewish homeland in Palestine DON’T WRITE After WW1 Britain controlled Palestine

Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean After WW2 world sentiment favored giving the Jews a national homeland. May 14th, 1948 Israel was established. Immediately Attacked DON’T WRITE- Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, & Yemen attacked.

Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)- formed to regain the land for Arabs Political & Military means used

Section 3: The Northeast The Kurds- ethnic group in Southwestern Asia Stateless nation 5,000+ were gassed to death by Saddam Hussein’s army. Saddam was executed for this

Section 3: The Northeast Mesopotamia- many civilizations were started here in the “land between the rivers” (AKA The Fertile Crescent) Sumer Babylonia Assyria Chaldea Hittites Persia

Section 3: The Northeast Two main branches of Islam Sunni Muslim- 83% of all Muslims Shi’ite Muslim

Section 3: The Northeast Taliban- fundamentalist Muslim political group in Afghanistan

1955 Afghanistan asks US for military ties, we say no Afghanistan looks to USSR, Pro-communist ideas were adopted into the gov. and a Communist Party was in place in Afghanistan 1955 Afghanistan asks US for military ties, we say no too far away, Afghanistan establishes ties with USSR, over the next several years pro-communist ideas were adopted into the gov. of Afghanistan a Communist Party was in place in Afghanistan

1978 pro soviet groups staged a coup and installed their own puppet government 1978 pro soviet groups stage a coup and installed their own puppet government

Protests result from these reforms (pro-Islamic groups) 1978 - New regime announces changes such as equal rights for women, land reforms.. Protests result from these reforms (pro-Islamic groups) 1978 - New regime announces changes such as equal rights for women, land reforms.. Protests result from these reforms (pro-Islamic groups)

1979 Soviets invade 1979 Soviets invade Afghanistan

Afghan army collapses as revolts take place all over, govt Afghan army collapses as revolts take place all over, govt. asks for military aid from US Afghan army collapses as revolts take place all over, govt. asks for military aid from SU

1980 - Resistance to Soviet occupation forms in Afghanistan & Pakistan called the mujahideen or “holy warriors”, US CIA begins to support these rebels with arms supplied through Pakistan 1980 - Resistance to Soviet occupation forms in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The mujahideen “holy warriors” , US CIA begins to support the rebels with arms supplied through Pakistan

Destruction of the war

10 long wasteful years of war in Afghanistan 10 long wasteless years of war in afghanistan

UN sponsored peace talks with Afghanistan UN sponsored peace talks with Afghanistan. Soviet Union, Pakistan, and the US UN sponsored peace talks with Afghanistan. SU, Pakistan, and the US

1996 - various factions fight for control of the Afghan government, Many ethnic warlords and leaders battle each other Taliban group – take charge by bribing local warlords and making false promises 1996 - various factions fight for control of the Afghan government, many ethnic warlords and leaders battle each other, one group the Taliban – take charge by bribing local warlords and making false promises

Taliban forces take the capital of Kabul and about 75% of the country make massive changes establish a very strict form of Islamic law Taliban forces take the capital of Kabul and about 75% of the country, make massive changes in the law, establish a very strict form of Islamic law

Brought major sweeping reforms, reforms against women

No television, music or movies No whistling or clapping No dancing No shorts No photography No smoking Men must have a beard and wear a head covering

Women: No jobs, must stay at home Must wear the burqa and be with a male relative outside the house No schooling/education No revealing ankles/ no white socks No treatment by male doctors No make-up or brightly colored clothes

No associating with male shopkeepers No laughing loudly No high heels No driving No riding bicycles No washing clothes next to a river unless a male relative is present Windows must be painted or covered

Concern that US has with Afghanistan is that US believes that Osama bin Laden the mastermind behind the 9-11 attacks and Al-qaida are in Afghanistan – why we invaded in 2002 Osama bin Laden