How to Begin Implementation of a Token Economy? Explain the program & Practice using it with the studentsExplain the program & Practice using it with the students Award tokens with praiseAward tokens with praise Diminish tokens but maintain praiseDiminish tokens but maintain praise Make needed adjustmentsMake needed adjustments

Are There Variations of This Technique? Permit peers to share the earned backup reinforcers (play a game with a friend)Permit peers to share the earned backup reinforcers (play a game with a friend) Use a peer management system (Using peers who have earned the privilege to help dispense tokens)Use a peer management system (Using peers who have earned the privilege to help dispense tokens) Combine a token system with a classroom level systemCombine a token system with a classroom level system So what is a classroom level system? A level system is a multistep management system in which each step signifies a number of target behaviors that a student must master.

Are There Variations of this Technique? Combine a token system with a group contingencyCombine a token system with a group contingency Combine response cost with the use of a token systemCombine response cost with the use of a token system So what is a group contingency? So what is response cost? With a token economy/group contingency, the entire group’s performance determines whether each individual in that group will earn a token. Response cost is a used to take away a predetermined number of tokens for previously defined inappropriate behaviors

What Are Some Potential Problems? Token economies are complex systems Unequal pricing of backup reinforcers Misuse of tokens Token hoarding Behavior deteriorates after fading Hyper focuses on reward Neglecting legal rights

What is Differential Reinforcement? Differential Reinforcement is the reinforcement of one form of behavior and not another, or the reinforcement of a response under one condition but not another. It uses positive reinforcement to separate appropriate behavior from inappropriate behavior by increasing one while decreasing the other

What Needs to be Done to Use Differential Reinforcement ? Things to Do 1.Select behaviors to be decreased or increased 2.Select alternative, incompatible, or communicative behaviors to be taught

What Needs to be Done to Use Differential Reinforcement ? Things to Do 3. Determine time interval 4. Set criterion 5. Ignore inappropriate behaviors 6. Monitor the student’s performance

What are the Six Strategies that Make Up Differential Reinforcement? A lternative Behavior C ommunicative Behavior DRO – Ignore problem behavior while reinforcing any appropriate behavior within a defined timeframe DRH - reinforce the individual only after the appropriate behavior has occurred at a predetermined high rate DRL – reinforce the individual only after the target behavior occurs at a predetermined time O ther Behaviors H igh Rates L ow Rates I ncompatible Behavior DRA – reinforce an alternative behavior to the inappropriate behavior and ignores the inappropriate behavior DRI – reinforce an appropriate behavior that actually interferes with the inappropriate behavior and ignores the inappropriate behavior DRC – ignore inappropriate behavior and reinforce a communication skill that leads to a needed reward, activity, or alternative

What Do You Mean By Alternative, Incompatible, and Communicative Behavior? Alternative - working on an assignment is an alternative behavior for wandering around the room Incompatible – holding the sides of a desk or playing with a fidget toy is an incompatible behavior for putting hands in mouth. Communicative – responding to an activity choice board when frustrated or having a tantrum for a student who cannot speak.

PBIS Intervention Ideas: Visual Structure

PBIS Intervention Ideas Why Use Visual Structure in the Classroom? It helps children to learn better It helps the child to understand and utilizes their strengths of visual processing It helps children to be calm by adapting the environment to make it orderly & predictable It helps with behavior management because it reduces anxiety & disorganization It helps children to achieve independence

PBIS Intervention Ideas We all use visual tools! We all use visual tools! Think about it????? Calendars “To Do” Lists Day Timers Recipes Menus Signs in our Environment

PBIS Intervention Ideas What are some visual supports for the classroom? Daily Visual Schedules Work Systems Task Lists Modifications for clarity

PBIS Intervention Ideas Daily Schedules Schedules can help children predict and Organize daily events

PBIS Intervention Ideas EmbeddedSchedules SCHEDULE Name: Day: Date:  _____________________________  __________________________________ _____________________________  __________________________________ _____________________________  __________________________________

PBIS Intervention Ideas Mini schedules Mini schedules – Mini schedules are useful in targeting certain events or tasks in the daily schedule where a child has difficulty. It breaks a larger task down into smaller steps which are easier for a child to handle. Mini schedules could be used for: Going to the bathroom Morning routine Getting ready for school Getting ready to eat AND Countless other short-term activities

PBIS Intervention Ideas Individual Work Systems Work Systems are systematic ways for the child to receive and understand information. By following the work system the child is able to work independently. It is like the an adult “TO DO” list. It includes schedules and other visual supports. It tells : It tells : What work? How much work? How do I know when I am finished? What’s next?

PBIS Intervention Ideas TO DO TO DO FINISHED FINISHED 123x123x Direction Card Direction Card Information 1.______________ 2.______________ 3.______________ Check Schedule (Task List) Work System Folders

PBIS Intervention Ideas In Science today I need to Get out my workbook Read pages Get out my paper and pencil Write the answers to the questions on page 60 Put finished work in folder Read your AR book REMEMBER TO RAISE MY HAND IF I NEED HELP FROM MY TEACHER A task list that clearly states the requirements for an assignment will aide in the student’s independence and efforts towards task completion. ********************* Notice that the student needs to be told where to put his finished product and what to do “next”. Visual Instructions Task Lists

PBIS Intervention Ideas Visual Clarity – Modifying Highlighting Color Coding Enlarging