Normative Beliefs of Galapagos Fishermen Arren Allegretti Jerry J. Vaske Ryan Finchum Colorado State University Human Dimensions of Natural Resources Fort Collins, Colorado

Galapagos Islands Located 1000 km off coast of Ecuador 100 islands and islets 70,000 square kilometers International recognition for rich biodiversity since 50’s. Managed by: Galapagos National Park Service Charles Darwin Research Station

Management Issues Geographic isolation and fragile nature of island challenges ecological and social management Fishing cooperatives have standards/norms for coop membership Fishing coops perceived park service standards as inappropriate, alien, and imposed Fishermen aggressively retaliated against the park service

Norms regarding sanctions for H 1 : fishing violations H 2 : aggressive fishermen’s behavior will vary among Galapagos islands Amount of consensus towards sanctions for H 3 : fishing violations H 4 : aggressive fishermen’s behavior will vary among Galapagos islands Hypotheses

Methods Onsite survey of registered fishermen Total fishermen population N = 682 n% of Pop. San Cristobal26979 Santa Cruz Isabela Total51175

Nothing Give a Fine Take away permit for 15 days Take away permit for rest of the year a. Fishing in non-fishing zones b. Fishing using methods not permitted c. Lobster harvested our of season d. Sea cucumber harvested out of season e. Shark harvest f. Verbal threat aimed at officials or other people g. Physical threats aimed at official h. Building damage or stealing someone else’s property i. Physically injure another person Norms on Natural Resource Violations Norms on Aggressive Fisher Behavior Survey Questions In order to make sure that fishing continues for everyone, the officials should enforce rules. Tell us how you feel the officials for the marine reserve should deal with fishermen that do the following things:

Island 1 San Cristobal Santa CruzIsabelaFp-value  No take fishing zone a a b < Illegal fishing method a a b < Off-season Lobster harvest a a b < Off-season sea cucumber harvest a a b < Shark harvest b a a < Sanctions for Fishing Violations of Natural Resource Regulations 1 Means with different superscripts (e.g a vs b ) are significant at the p<.05 level based on the LSD post hoc analysis.

Take away permit for year Take away permit for 15 days Give a fine Nothing Sanctions Fishing in No-take zone Illegal fishing methods Off-season Sea cucumber harvest Off-season lobster harvest Shark harvest Fishing Violations Norms for Fishing Violations San Cristobal

Take away permit for year Take away permit for 15 days Give a fine Nothing Sanctions Fishing in No-take zone Illegal fishing methods Off-season Sea cucumber harvest Off-season lobster harvest Shark harvest Fishing Violations Norms for Fishing Violations Santa Cruz

Take away permit for year Take away permit for 15 days Give a fine Nothing Sanctions Fishing in No-take zone Illegal fishing methods Off-season Sea cucumber harvest Off-season lobster harvest Shark harvest Fishing Violations Isabela Norms for Fishing Violations

Take away permit for year Take away permit for 15 days Give a fine Nothing Sanctions Fishing in No-take zone Illegal fishing methods Off-season Sea cucumber harvest Off-season lobster harvest Shark harvest Fishing Violations San Cristobal Santa CruzIsabela Norms for Fishing Violations

Island ComparisonsPCI aPCI b PCI difference test * No-take fishing zone San Cristobal vs. Santa Cruz * San Cristobal vs. Isabela * Illegal Fishing Methods San Cristobal vs. Santa Cruz * San Cristobal vs. Isabela * Off-season Lobster harvest San Cristobal vs. Santa Cruz * Off-season sea cucumber harvest San Cristobal vs. Santa Cruz * PCI 2 Differences * PCI difference tests larger than 1.96 are significant at p <.05.

Norms for Aggressive Fishermen Behavior Island 2 San Cristobal Santa CruzIsabelaF p- value  Verbal threats Physical threats Damaging property Physical injury a 1.44 a 1.37 b Means with different superscripts (e.g a vs b ) are significant at the p<.05 level based on the LSD post hoc analysis.

Take away permit for year Take away permit for 15 days Give a fine Nothing Sanctions Verbal threats Physical Threats Damaging Property Physical Injury Fishermen Behavior San Cristobal Norms for Fishermen Behavior

Take away permit for year Take away permit for 15 days Give a fine Nothing Sanctions Verbal threats Physical Threats Damaging Property Physical Injury Fishermen Behavior Santa Cruz Norms for Fishermen Behavior

Take away permit for year Take away permit for 15 days Give a fine Nothing Sanctions Verbal threats Physical Threats Damaging Property Physical Injury Fishermen Behavior Isabela Norms for Fishermen Behavior

Take away permit for year Take away permit for 15 days Give a fine Nothing Sanctions Verbal threats Physical Threats Damaging Property Physical Injury Fishermen Behavior San Cristobal Santa Cruz Isabela Norms for Fishermen Behavior

Island comparisonsPCI aPCI bPCI difference test* Verbal threats San Cristobal vs. Santa Cruz * San Cristobal vs. Isabela * Physical threats San Cristobal vs. Santa Cruz * San Cristobal vs. Isabela * Physical injury San Cristobal vs. Santa Cruz San Cristobal vs. Isabela * Santa Cruz vs. Isabela PCI 2 Differences * PCI difference tests larger than 1.96 are significant at p <.05.

Norms regarding sanctions for H 1 : fishing violations Supported H 2 : aggressive behaviorNot Supported will vary among Galapagos islands Amount of consensus towards sanctions for H 3 : fishing violationsSupported H 4 : aggressive behaviorSupported will vary among Galapagos islands Summary

San Cristobal most likely to accept and comply with current and future regulatory actions Santa Cruz Conflict is likely for current / future regulatory actions Presence of park service headquarters may affect the interaction and amount of consensus Isabela Least likely to accept a high level of punitive action Regulatory action that employs taking permits away for the year will likely create conflict for Isabela

Management Implications Important to understand island similarities and differences a) norms (averages) b) normative consensus (PCI 2 ) Consensus regarding appropriate sanctions for fishing violations and aggressive behavior reflects acceptance / compliance with regulations

Thank you!

Geographic isolation and fragile nature of island challenges ecological and social management Fishing cooperatives have standards /norms for coop membership and harvesting coastal resources Fishermen retaliation towards experimental 3-month early closure of sea cucumber season Conflict analysis suggested little incentive for compliance Current rules perceived as “alien, imposed, and inappropriate” by the local fishermen (MacDonald 1997) Management Issues

Theoretical Foundation Theory of Reasoned Action People base their position on subjective norms Individual’s perception of what other’s think one should do in a given situation Subjective predict behavior and acceptance of management strategies

Sanctions: Favor “taking fishing permit” for fishing violations & physical injury to mgmt officials Amount of Consensus: Greatest for fishing violation sanctions High for verbal / physical threats sanctions Less for damaging property & physical injury sanctions Implications: San Cristobal most likely to accept and comply with current and future regulatory actions San Cristobal Summary

Sanctions: Favor “do nothing or give a fine” for fishing violations AND aggressive fishermen behavior Amount of Consensus: Slightly more than Santa Cruz on fishing violations and aggressive fishermen behavior Implications: Least likely to accept a high level of punitive action Regulatory action that employs taking permits away for the year will likely create conflict for Isabela Isabela Summary

Sanctions: Favor “give a fine” for fishing violations Favor “taking fishing permit” for aggressive behavior Amount of Consensus: Low for fishing violation sanctions Low for aggressive fisherman behavior sanctions (exception – physical injury to park service officials) Implications: Conflict likely for current / future regulatory actions Presence of park service headquarters may affect the interaction and amount of consensus. Santa Cruz Summary

Future Research Examine: Role of institutional trust on normative beliefs Extreme normative responses to understand amount of consensus Differences between personal & social norms Conformity and deviance in cultural contexts