INSIDE THE COCKPIT OF AN AIRPLANE Click on this box and edit text to add pilot or teacher name

The flight controls and instrument panel are in the front of the cockpit.

Flight controls and instrument panels vary, but have the same basic functions. Red circle controls in all four photos Label on photo: Yoke (Wheel) or Stick or Side stick 3. TITLE: /Instrument/ in red FLIGHT CONTROLS

The control wheel or yoke is used to steer the airplane in different directions. Turning Left Straight and Level Turning Right Side Stick Some airplanes have a stick rather than a wheel but it works the same. Photos top row: Switch right and center photos or level wheel is in center, right turn is on right! Under top photos (from left) Turning Left Flying “Straight and Level” Turning Right FLIGHT CONTROLS

Moving the yoke LEFT or RIGHT moves the ailerons on the wings in opposite directions. One moves UP as the other goes DOWN. Turning Left Turning Right Make red: /down/ (in L2 paren) FLIGHT CONTROLS

Pulling back on the yoke moves the elevator on the tail UP, moving the airplane nose UP to climb. Add: Top right photo, full length side view (air to air) with arrow NOSE UP FLIGHT CONTROLS

Pushing forward moves the elevator DOWN, moves the nose DOWN to descend. Top photo: reverse arrow to indicate PUSH Bottom photo: Elevator DOWN , arrow DOWN New top right photo, airplane full length air- to-air, Arrow NOSE DOWN FLIGHT CONTROLS

Pilots use rudder pedals on the floor to move the rudder LEFT or RIGHT to help the airplane turn. Brakes are located at the top or “toe” of the pedal FLIGHT CONTROLS

The airspeed indicator shows speed through the air --- not over the ground. The pitot tube on the wing catches on-rushing air. This “ram air” is compared to “static” air to determine air speed. The static port measures static or still air – air that is not affected by the airplane’s speed through the air TITLE fix red /A/ in /Airspeed/ Delete color in left text inset: /on wing/ Add photo and label: Static Port Ad inset text under static port photo BASIC INSTRUMENTS

The attitude indicator provides an artificial horizon to show the pilot the airplane’s position in relation to the ground. Here, the airplane is banking left with its nose on the horizon —where brown “ground” meets blue “sky.” TITLE red only on /Attitude Indicator/ and /Artificial Horizon/ 2. Red circle the miniature airplane on the large DG 3. Insert text in white space: Here, the airplane is banking LEFT with its nose BELOW the horizon (where brown “ground” meets blue “sky.”) BASIC INSTRUMENTS

The altimeter measures air pressure outside the airplane and compares it to air pressure at sea level to determine altitude. Like the hands of a clock, the long hand shows smaller increments (100s of feet) while the shorter hand shows larger increments (1,000s of feet). This altimeter is reading 1720 feet. TITLE red only /Altimeter/ Fix inset text font BASIC INSTRUMENTS

The turn coordinator shows if the wings are level or banked The turn coordinator shows if the wings are level or banked. The position of the ball indicates if the airplane is turning properly. Turn Coordinator Label top right arrow /Turn Coordinator/ Lower left arrow to text insert Add text in white space: (The second thought in the TITLE as shown about /The Ball…./) and delete L3 from TITLE Show word BALL in red or color The ball is centered when the turn is balanced by rudder BASIC INSTRUMENTS

The heading indicator displays the direction of flight. This airplane is heading south at 175 degrees. BASIC INSTRUMENTS

The vertical speed indicator uses changes in air pressure to indicate rate of climb or descent. Airplane is descending at 190 feet per minute Fix instruments in six pack to agree: Change Airspeed to 100, Change VSI 300 fpm DOWN etc., change TC to left turn. Flix large VSI to 300 fmp down BASIC INSTRUMENTS

Pilots use radios to communicate with air traffic control and other pilots. Other radios also are used to navigate using ground stations or satellites. COMMUNICATION

Most airplanes have a radar transponder that shows their location, speed and altitude to air traffic controllers An assigned four-digit code helps identify a particular airplane on a controller’s radar screen 1. Red circle code 1.Add inset text below two photos Show an assigned code in the transponder shot (not 1200) 2. TITLE /radar/ in red COMMUNICATION

Pilots increasingly use GPS satellite navigation to display position and ground speed, locate nearby airports, and plot course, distance and time to any destination Bottom: Flat-panel GPS moving maps and flight displays are just the ones in airliners and some cars. Top: GPS can be small, handheld and portable. ADD Top right text, arrow to top left photo: GPS can be miniaturized and portable. ADD Bottom text, arrow to photo right: Flat panel GPS moving maps and flight displays are just like airliners and the Space Shuttle. 3. TITLE /GPS/ in red

There are plenty of things to learn INSIDE THE COCKPIT OF AN AIRPLANE

TO LEARN MORE GO TO WWW.AOPA.ORG/PATH 12/2005