1 MATERIALIZATION …In order to understand architecture, it is important that we should keep in mind the most subtle and powerful principle of all arts: the agreement between material and form, made as intimate and thorough as possible by the nature of things. ….The fusion of these two elements is the absolute aim of all great art….the simplest example is offered by poetry which cannot exist without the close association or the magic symbiosis of sound and meaning… Paul Valery

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3 MATERIALIZATION 1. The Materials 2. The Enclosure 3. Structural Systems 4. Composition of the Building

4 1. THE MATERIALS Selection of materials should be done with a high degree of coordination: a) seeking material unity (large number of different materials tend to create a sense of disunity ) b) atmosphere or feeling (expression) c) texture compatibility (association among materials) d) surrounding buildings (uses and patterns)

5 1. THE MATERIALS

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9 2. THE ENCLOSURE The materialization of the is the creation of the physical shell around the building spaces. This materialization is concerned with the relationships between:

10 2. THE ENCLOSURE The enclosing planes of a building include its... Roofs and Ceilings: - The roof plane and the ceiling plane may be the same (i.e. wood deck) or two different surfaces (dropped ceiling) - Avoid roof situations that trap water. - The protection of overhangs should be used only when needed. Floors: - In multi-story and basement conditions, the floor is similar to the roof framing. - Where land contours are pronounced, floor levels of spaces may impose upon or be in sympathy with the land. Walls: - Walls may be structural (bearing other loads) or non structural (only holding up their own weight) - Non-structural walls are used for barriers or filters between two conflicting or incompatible situations: walls may be temperature, acoustic or visual barriers.

11 2. THE ENCLOSURE Openings in buildings may take several forms: Openings should be woven into the entire building geometry as strongly as possible Doors - Door placement should relate to the circulation system in the building and spaces. It determines the number of used areas formed in a space. - Doors should rest against a wall when open. This minimizes swing area needed and door interference with space activities. - Interior doors swing into its space while exterior doors swing out. Windows - The extent and placement of window openings should relate to space need for view, light or protection from outside forces. - Window sill height should relate to furniture height where furniture is against a wall at a window. - Window placement must respond to view orientation of spaces.

12 3. THE STRUCTURE 3.1. Structural Requirements 3.2. Structure Types Post and Beam Structures Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes Portal Frames Trusses Space Frames Folded Roofs Shells Tensile Structures 3.3. DETERMINATION OF THE STRUCTURAL FORM Design Strategies Selection Of The Generic Type Of Structure Selection Of Structural Material

13 3. The Structure 3.1. STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS DURABILITY The durability of the structure depends entirely in the physical/chemical conditions of the structural material, and our willingness to continue using the building ( at the end of the lifecycle of a building, it may be demolished) STABILITY AND EQUILLIBRIUM When the structure is stable and in equilibrium it resists any load without suffering a major change of shape or collapsing. STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY Strength and rigidity are reached by the adequate specification of geometry, size, and the material of the structural elements. In example, for resisting the same structural load, a steel structural element needs a smaller cross section than a reinforced concrete element, and this is due to the difference between the strength of the kind of materials.

14 3. The Structure 3.1. MORE ABOUT STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS: LOADS

15 3. The Structure 3.1. MORE ABOUT STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS: LOADS

16 3. The Structure 3.1. MORE ABOUT STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS: LOADS

17 3. The Structure 3.1. MORE ABOUT STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS: LOADS

18 3. The Structure 3.2. STRUCTURE TYPES ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION: POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: - LOAD BEARING WALLS - SKELETON FRAME ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION: MASTED STRUCTURES - ARCHES, VAULTED HALLS, AND DOMES - PORTAL FRAMES - TRUSSES - SPACE FRAMES - FOLDED ROOFS - SHELLS - MEMBRANES AND TENTS ROOF STRUCTURES

19 3. The Structure 3.2. MORE ABOUT STRUCTURE TYPES: MATERIALIZATION OF A CUBE

20 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES Most architectural structures are of the post-and-beam type. Post and beam buildings carry the weight of their structural components (and the weight of objects and people in them) by bearing on one another. The weight of the roof and beams is carried by the posts down to the foundation and then into the ground. Horizontal beams are subject to bending loads, therefore the structural materials should be able of resisting both tension and compression. We can further subdivide the post and beam structures into:

21 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types MORE ABOUT POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: LOAD BEARING WALLS

22 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types MORE ABOUT POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: LOAD BEARING WALLS

23 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types MORE ABOUT POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: LOAD BEARING WALLS

24 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types MORE ABOUT POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: SKELETON FRAME

25 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types ARCHES, VAULTED HALLS, AND DOMES

26 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types MORE ABOUT ARCHES AND VAULTED ROOFS

27 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types MORE ABOUT DOMES

28 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types PORTAL FRAMES

29 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types MORE ABOUT PORTAL FRAMES

30 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types TRUSSES

31 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types MORE ABOUT TRUSSES

32 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types SPACE FRAMES

33 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types MORE ABOUT SPACE FRAMES

34 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types MORE ABOUT SPACE FRAMES

35 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types FOLDED ROOFS

36 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types MORE ABOUT FOLDED ROOFS

37 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types SHELLS

38 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types MORE ABOUT SHELLS

39 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types MORE ABOUT SHELLS

40 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types TENSILE STRUCTURES

41 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types MORE ABOUT TENSILE STRUCTURES

42 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types MORE ABOUT TENSILE STRUCTURES

43 3. The Structure 3.2. Structure Types MORE ABOUT TENSILE STRUCTURES

44 3. The Structure 3.3. DETERMINATION OF THE STRUCTURAL FORM

45 3. The Structure 3.3. Determination Of The Structural Form DESIGN STRATEGIES

46 3. The Structure 3.3. Determination Of The Structural Form SELECTION OF THE GENERIC TYPE OF STRUCTURE

47 3. The Structure 3.3. Determination Of The Structural Form SELECTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

48 4. COMPOSITION OF THE BUILDING 4.1. ARTICULATION AND CONTINUITY

49 4. COMPOSITION OF THE BUILDING 4.1. MORE ABOUT ARTICULATION AND CONTINUITY

50 4. COMPOSITION OF THE BUILDING 4.2. CORNER ARTICULATION

51 4. COMPOSITION OF THE BUILDING 4.2. MORE ABOUT CORNER ARTICULATION

52 4. COMPOSITION OF THE BUILDING 4.2. MORE ABOUT CORNER ARTICULATION

53 4. COMPOSITION OF THE BUILDING 4.2. MORE ABOUT CORNER ARTICULATION

54 References Architecture and Engineering: An illustrated Teacher’s Manual on Why Buildings Stand Up, Mario Salvadori and Michael Temple, The New York Academy of Sciences, Elements of Architecture, Pierre Von Meiss, ISBN Form, Function & Design, Paul Jacques Grillo, ISBN Structural Design for Architecture, Angus Macdonald, Architectural Press, Oxford 1997.