Chapter Outline Edgar et al., Civilizations Past and Present Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman I. The Troubled Calm: The West in the 1920s II. The Epoch of the Aggressors III. World War II IV. Postwar Settlements

Chapter 31: World War II: Origins and Consequences, Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman I. The Troubled Calm: The West in the 1920s A. The League of Nations B. The French Quest for Security 1923, Invasion of Ruhr 1925, Locarno Pact Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy Rhine demilitarized 1928, Kellogg-Briand Pact 62 countries control of war C. Soviet and German Cooperation Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Comintern (Third Communist International) Soviet Union—foreign policy use of Communist parties traditional diplomacy 1922, Rapallo Pact Germans and Russians renounce reparations 1926, renewed for 5 years

Chapter 31: World War II: Origins and Consequences, Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman II. The Epoch of the Aggressors A. Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931 Manchurian Incident, 1931 South Manchurian Railroad bombed 1932, Japanese puppet state League of Nations protests 1933, encroachment Chinese Response Nanjing—Chinese Nationalist Government Tanggu truce with Japan, 1933 Nationalists, Jiang Jieshi focus on Communists 1936—coup Prince Konoe Fumimaro, Prime Minister (A. Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931) 1937—fighting between China and Japan > war, —“New Order in East Asia” “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” U.S. 1939—ends commercial treaty with Japan 1940—Tripartite Act Japan, Germany, Italy against U.S. 1941—Neutrality Pact with Soviets

Chapter 31: World War II: Origins and Consequences, Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman II. The Epoch of the Aggressors B. Italy Attacks Ethiopia 1934—Fighting 1935—Invasion > League of Nations sanctions 1936—Sanctions lifted Haile Selassie to Britain C. The Rhineland and the Axis 1935, Rhineland reoccupied no response Maginot Line French mobilize 1936, Anti-Comintern Pact Germany and Japan D. The Spanish Tragedy Spanish Republic 1936—disintegrating General Francisco Franco (1892–1975) Italian support Republic Soviet support 1939—Barcelona falls end of Republic

Chapter 31: World War II: Origins and Consequences, Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman II. The Epoch of the Aggressors E. The Logic of Appeasement Anschluss 1936—pressure on Austria 1938—union declared Sudentanland (Czechoslovakia) Neville Chamberlain (1869–1940) 1937, Prime Minister Munich Conference, September, 1938 Chamberlain, Mussolini, Daladier, Hitler accepts Hitler’s demands 1939—Hitler takes Czechoslovakia Britain and France arm F. The Nazi-Soviet Pact Poland 1939, Hitler warns against invasion > German-Soviet non-aggression pact

Chapter 31: World War II: Origins and Consequences, Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman III. World War II A. A New Way of War Blitzkrieg (lightning war) Mobility Innovations radar airplanes paratroopers landing craft flying bombs amphibious forces B. Blitzkrieg and Sitzkrieg September 1, 1939, Nazis into Poland September 5, Britain and France declare war 1939–1940, Sitzkrieg “phony war”

Chapter 31: World War II: Origins and Consequences, Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman III. World War II C. “Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat” 1940—Norway and Denmark defeated Dunkirk Allies retreat Chamberlain resigns > Winston Churchill (1874–1965) June 14, Paris falls > Marshall Philippe Pétain (1856–1951) premier June 22, peace > Vichy France Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970) Free French Government 1940–1941—Air raids on Britain

Chapter 31: World War II: Origins and Consequences, Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman III. World War II D. Mastery of Europe by March, 1941 Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania join Axis Mussolini invades Greece, 1940 defeated 1941, Hitler assists Yugoslavia, Greece defeated E. War with the Soviet Union Operation Barbarossa June 1941 failure Spring 1942 Red Army advancing

Chapter 31: World War II: Origins and Consequences, Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman III. World War II F. The U.S. Enters the War 1941—Lend-Lease Act $11 billion to Soviet Union 1941—Atlantic Charter Roosevelt and Churchill October Konoe resigns Tojo Hideki (1884–1948) prime minister December 7, Pearl Harbor

Chapter 31: World War II: Origins and Consequences, Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman III. World War II G. The Apogee of the Axis 1942—Japan expands in Pacific Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaya, Burma, Vietnam American victories: Coral Sea, Midway, Guadalcanal November—El Alamein—British/American victory 1943—Axis defeat in North Africa September, Armistice with Italy The Russian Turning Point Siege of Stalingrad September 1942–February , Germans pushed out Axis Collapse June 6, 1944—D-Day Normandy Yalta Conference, February 1945 Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill four occupation zones United Nations May 8, 1945—V-E Day

Chapter 31: World War II: Origins and Consequences, Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman III. World War II H. The Holocaust Concentration camps Heinrich Himmler Reinhard Heydrich “Final Solution” 3 million killed at Auschwitz I. The Atomic Bomb Potsdam Declaration Truman and Clement Atlee unconditional surrender > Hiroshima, Nagasaki, 1945

Chapter 31: World War II: Origins and Consequences, Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman IV. Postwar Settlements A. Costs 55 million dead Japanese—1.7 million soldiers 1 million civilians Allied Occupation Soviet Union 25 million dead B. Reprisals Collaborators sentenced C. Occupation four zones: British, French, American, Soviet