Chapter 19: Industrialization and Nationalism Section 1: The Industrial Revolution (Part 2)

The Spread of Industrialization Europe IR spread to the rest of Europe at different times and speeds. Belgium, France and the German states were the next to industrialize, as government actively encouraged the process. Eastern Europe was very slow to industrialize. By 1850 railroads had spread across most of Europe. United States Between 1800 and 1860 the United States rapidly industrialized. Canals were built to connect East to West. The invention of the paddle-wheel steamboat (Robert Fulton) made canal/river transport much faster. Rapid expansion of the railroads connected the nation and fuelled new waves of immigration.

Population and Urban Growth European Population Growth: – 1750: 140 million people – 1850: 266 million people. Thomas Malthus: (SG8) – Theorized that an initial increase in food supply lead to an increase in population. This increase is too rapid for food supply to keep up, leading to disease, war and famine. – Believed disease, war and famine were natural controls on population and should be allowed to occur to keep the world from being over populated. Famine and poverty lead to increased urbanization of formally rural populations. Rapid growth of cities led to the rise of tenement housing and low quality of life.

Industrial Middle Class The IR led to Industrial Capitalism, an economic system focused on industrial production and a laissez- fair environment. (SG9) Industrial Capitalism foster the growth of a new middle class, the Bourgeoisie. (SG9) The Bourgeoisie was made up of people who built factories, bought the machines, and developed the markets. They had initiative, vision, ambition, and, often, GREED.

Industrial Working Class Industrial Capitalism also created a new working class, under the Bourgeoisie. (SG9) Work hours ranged from hours a day, six days a week. No minimum wage or job security. Dangerous working conditions that killed or maimed many workers and caused long term health problems, particularly in the coal and textile industries. Public outcry over conditions for women and children led to first Factory Act in 1833.

Early Socialism Unfair working conditions and unequal distribution of wealth led to new ideas. Socialism: an economic system where society (government) owns and controls the means of production (factories). This public ownership would allow for wealth to be distributed equally. (SG10) Utopian Socialism: societies where everything was shared and commonly owned. Workers could use their abilities and everyone’s needs would be met. Robert Owen, a British cotton manufacture and utopian socialist set up two such communities in Scotland and the United States (the later a failure). (SG11)

British Urbanization Game - Activity Preparation: – Get a blank sheet of printer paper. – Get a key (from desk or handed out). It is now The small village of “Urbanshire” has the following: – A river running east to west – 25 Trees – 2 Roads – 5 houses – 1 Church – 1 Store – 1 Pub – 1 Cemetery – 1 Coal Mine – 1 Bridge Draw these on your paper using the key for reference.

Round 1 It is now An enterprising young capitalist (you) decides to invest money in the construction of a canal in Urbanshire. Draw: – Canal (must run parallel to the river). – Build your self a Nice House.

Round 2 Its now For a variety of different reasons (soap, diet, sanitation, ect…) there is a population explosion in England. Draw: – 3 Houses

Round 3 It is The people of your village need a bit more food and goods to meet the needs of the new inhabitants. Agricultural improvements increase the food supply. Draw: – 2 Houses – 1 Nice House

Round 4 It is now Improvements to textile manufacturing increase production. The water-powered loom allows for the first factories to be built. More labor is needed. Draw: – 1 Factory (no smoke and must be built along the river) – 3 Houses

Round 5 It is now Workers are needed to work in this new factory. The enclosure movement and decline of the cottage industry have led more people to move to villages like Urbanshire. Draw: – 5 Houses – 1 Church – 1 Pub – 1 Store – 1 Bridge – 2 Roads

Round 6 It is Factory profits encourage more investment in Urbanshire. Draw: – 3 Factories (all along the river). – 3 Houses – You can erase 2 trees, if needed.

Round 7 It is Unemployed workers from surrounding areas flood into Urbanshire looking for work. Although wages are very low, they look attractive to starving families. Draw: – 5 Tenements

Round 8 It is now More workers need to live, eat, shop, drink, worship. We need the social support services to go along with the demand. Draw: – 1 Store – 1 Pub – 1 Church – 1 School

Round 9 It is now Workers work long, hard hours in the factories. After work, exhausted, “stressed out” workers stop at their local pub for some relaxation. Alcohol begins to be consumed throughout England in record amounts. Draw: – 4 Pubs – 2 Tenements – Destroy 5 House (fire in Urbanshire!)

Round 10 It is now Workers barely eke out a marginal existence, but arrive in Urbanshire daily. Still, there are a few families whose lifestyle is quite comfortable, even luxurious. They are the large landowning farmers and factory owners. Draw: – 2 Manor Houses – 1 Factory – 8 Houses – You can erase 2 trees, if you need to.

Round 11 The year is A man named James Watt invents a new machine called the steam engine. The steam engine improves industry and quickly replaces water power. Draw: – 5 Factories (all with smoke, add smoke to other factories) – 1 Nice House – 3 Houses – 1 Tenement

Round 12 The year is A man named Henry Cort has just invented the puddling process. This process makes it possible for coal to be used as the primary fuel in the new iron industry. Draw: – 1 Coal Mine – 3 houses

Round 13 The year is Coal miners are busy mining coal. There is a great demand for coal right now. Health problems caused by coal mining, malnurishment and exhaustion lead to an increase in deaths in Urbanshire. Draw – 1 Coal Mine – 1 Cemetary

Round 14 It is The existing canals and dirt roads cannot accommodate the heavy industrial traffic. Luckily, the first railroad is tested and proves to be quite effective. Draw: – 1 Railroad Line. It must be continuous and connect your coal mines to your factories. – 1 Bridge, if needed. – 5 Houses – Remove 2 trees, if needed.

Round 15 It is Capitalists who wish to ensure their profits decide to hire women and children over men because can perform the same factory labor at one-half to one-quarter the price. Depressed, ashamed, and angry about their wives, and children toiling in factories, many men turn to crime, and the social life of the pub. Draw: – 1 Jail – 1 Pub – 2 Tenements

Round 16 It is Working conditions in the coal and textile industry were appalling. Many workers contacted the deadly factory fever or white lung disease. Other workers were injured on the job in factory accidents. Regardless, there was always a daily line of unemployed workers waiting to fill vacant jobs. Draw: – 2 Hospitals – 1 Cemetary

Round 17 It is There is a need for quicker transportation. At the same time, in Ireland in the late 1830’s a devastating potato famine drove hundreds of thousands of Irish to England, and towns like Urbanshire. They provided cheap labor to build more railroads. Draw: – 1 additional Railroad, running east to west through town. – 3 Houses – 1 Tenement

Round 18 It is There are some advantages to urban dwellers. City life is very different from the country life. For the small but growing middle classes, a whole new cultural life is available. Draw: – 2 Private Schools – 1 Nice House – 1 Museum – 1 Theatre

Round 19 It is There are no pollution controls so the air in your community looks dark. Windows, walls even trees are covered with layers of soot and coke. The river that once flowed through your quiet village for hundreds of years is now unfit for drinking, bathing, or laundry. Overpopulation has led to more crime. Draw: – 1 Hospital – 1 Cemetary – 1 Jail

Round 20 It is By this year several million acres of good English land has been enclosed and sold to private parties who own large estates. Thousands move to towns and cities, like Urbanshire, looking for work. Draw: – 10 Houses – 5 Tenements – 2 Stores – 5 Factories – 2 Nice Houses – 1 Church – 1 Pub – 1 Manor House

What now? Take a look at your town and think about the following: – Would you want to live there? – Is it organized? – Are there nice parts of town? – Where are the worst parts?

For Homework! Keep your Urbanshire. DON’T LOOSE IT OR TURN IT IN! Before you leave class pick up the worksheet called “A Better Urbanshire”. Go home and take your time to plan ahead and draw the perfect Urbanshire. Answer the questions and turn it all in tomorrow.