Interferential Impact of ENSO and PDO on Dry and Wet Conditions in the U. S. Great Plains Zeng-Zhen Hu 1 Bohua Huang 1,2 1 Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies Calverton, Maryland, USA 2 Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Earth Sciences College of Science, George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia, USA ?? COLA

What you can get from this presentation?! (1) Impact of ENSO US climate (you already know) (2) Influence of PDO on US climate (you may be an expert) (3) Interferential impact of ENSO and PDO on US climate (you may be familiar with it) (4) Interferential impact of ENSO and PDO on dry/wet conditions over the US Great Plains, particularly the mechanisms, seasonality and its interpretation You will get nothing new from this presentation, if you already know (4)

Objectives: What are the large-scale patterns of anomalies associated with dry/wet conditions in the North America (Great Plains)? What is the interferential impact of ENSO and PDO on the U. S. Great Plains and the seasonality? How to interpret the interferential impact and its seasonality?

Data I Monthly global analyses of precipitation over land on a 2.5 o x2.5 o, referred to as precipitation reconstruction (PREC) (Chen et al. 2002) Monthly soil wetness data (top 1.3m), 0.5 o x0.5 o (Fan and van den Dool 2004) NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, 2.5 o x2.5 o (Kalnay et al. 1996) SST dataset, the extended reconstruction (ER-v2), 2 o x2 o (Reynolds et al. 2002) Nino3.4: SST anomalies in 5 o S-5 o N, 170 o -120 o W

Data II The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index is defined as the leading principal component (PC) of North Pacific monthly SST variability (poleward of 20 o N) (Zhang et al. 1997; Mantua et al. 1997). The monthly mean global average SST anomalies are removed prior to PC decomposition to separate PDO related variability from any “global warming" signal that may be present in the SST data. The PDO index represents a long-lived El Niño-like pattern of SST anomalies in the tropics with broader meridional scale, which is linked to a North Pacific SST pattern with opposite SST anomalies between the central Ocean and eastern boundary. The mode oscillates on interannual and interdecadal timescales. The standardized values for the PDO index are downloaded from Warm (Positive) PhaseCold (Negative) Phase

Data III All the data span Jan Dec Using monthly data to do all the analyses, different from those works basing on the episodes/phases of PDO (such as, Gershunov and Barnett 1998, so on) PDO phases: Index >0.5(warm); < -0.5 (cold); others (neutral) ENSO phases: Index >0.5(El Niño ); < -0.5 (La Niña); others (neutral) The Great Plains: SW >0.5 (wet); <-0.5 (dry); others (neutral)

Define dry and wet conditions in the U. S. Great Plains (I) SW onto SWPREC onto PREC

Lag/Lead and Cross Correlations of Soil Wetness and Precipitation in the Great Plains Soil Wetness Precipitation P lagging SWP leading SW 1 month

Dry&Wet in the Great Plains associated with LARGE scale anomaly patterns of SST and SLP (ENSO, PDO, AO/NAO) WetWet-DryDry SSTSST SLPSLP

Similarity and difference between PDO and ENSO (dominant time scales) CC=0.58 Interdacadal About 1year

Lag/Lead and Cross Correlation of the PDO and Nino3.4 Indices PDO IndexNino3.4 Index Nino3.4 leading PDO Nino3.4 lagging PDO 2-5months

Cross Correlation of the PDO and Nino3.4 Indices with Soil Wetness in the Great Plains PDO leading SW PDO lagging SW 1 Month 1-2 Months Nino3.4 leading SWNino3.4 lagging SW

ENSO and PDO show a similar impact pattern ENSO PDO ENSO -PDO SLP/U&VSWSST

Composite for Warm PDO (≥0.5) El Niño La Niña Neutral SLP/U&VSWSST

Composite for Cold PDO (≤-0.5) El Niño La Niña Neutral SLP/U&VSWSST

Composite for Neutral PDO (-0.5<PDO<0.5) El Niño La Niña Neutral SLP/U&VSWSST

Different impact of in-phase and out- of-phase of ENSO and PDO In Phase Out of Phase SLP/U&VSWSST In-Phase- Out-of-Phase ± ++

In-phase of ENSO and PDO favors Great Plains drought/flood Out-of-phase of ENSO and PDO favors Great Plains neutral NINO3.4 PDO

Relative frequency of dry, neutral, and wet conditions in GP for different ENSO and PDO combinations Absolute Fr Relative Fr. Warm PDOCold PDONeutral PDO

Wave Activity (v*) at 200 hPa ENSO PDO ENSO +PDO ENSO -PDO

Seasonality: Robust; but (MAM=Strongest; SON=Weakest) PDO Nino3.4 MAM: Strongest SON: Weakest

Explaining the Seasonality of the Impact Strong Positive In Between

Summary I: The relationship between ENSO or PDO and climate anomalies in the Great Plains is intensified when ENSO and PDO are in phase (El Niño&warm PDO, or La Niña&cold PDO). On average, the Great Plains favors anomalous wet (dry) conditions when both ENSO and PDO are in the positive (negative) phase. However, the relationship is weakened when ENSO and PDO are out of phase (El Niño&cold PDO, or La Niña&warmPDO). Without ENSO, PDO alone does not affect the North American climate significantly. Seasonality: robust, but, spring is the strongest; autumn is the weakest; summer and winter fall in-between. That is associated with the mean seasonal cycle in the North Pacific.

Summary II (in-phase up/low level circulation) The contrasting impact of the interference of ENSO and PDO on the North American climate anomalies is associated with the differences in the ocean-atmosphere anomalies. When ENSO and PDO are in phase, the SST anomalies extend from the equatorial Pacific to the high latitude part of the North Pacific via the eastern ocean. The distribution of the corresponding anomalies of SLP and the wind at 1000 hPa forms an ellipse with a southeast-northwest orientation of the long axis. At upper troposphere, two similar wave trains with the same sign associated with PDO and ENSO are overlapped and intensified.

Summary III (out-of-phase up/low level circulation) However, when ENSO and PDO are out of phase, the SST anomalies have the same sign in the tropical and North Pacific, which are opposite to the anomalies in the regions near the west coast. The anomalously cyclonic circulation over the North Pacific is weaker in the out-of-phase situation than in the in-phase situation. The distribution of the anomalies of SLP and the wind at 1000 hPa resembles a circle. At upper troposphere, two similar wave trains with opposite sign associated with PDO and ENSO are canceled and weakened The differences in the eastern part of the North Pacific between in- phase and out-of-phase based on ENSO and PDO may suggest an overlap of the signals associated with PDO and ENSO-induced coastal Kelvin waves.

In-Phase Enhancement PDO ENSO - PDO ENSO + Out-of-Phase Cancellation PDO and ENSO Costal Kelvin Waves

Hu, Z.-Z. and B. Huang, 2009: Interferential impact of ENSO and PDO on dry and wet conditions in the U. S. Great Plains, J. Climate (revised). (

Explaining the Seasonality of the Impact (I)

Explaining the Seasonality of the Impact (III)

Define dry and wet conditions in the U. S. Great Plains (II) SW onto PRECPREC onto SW

ENSO and PDO show a similar impact pattern on US drought/floods (monthly data: )

Interferential Impact of ENSO and PDO on US drought/floods

Wave Activity Flux

Relative frequency of dry, neutral, and wet conditions in GP in different ENSO and PDO combinations PDO≥0.5 PDO≤ >PDO>-0.5 ENSO≥0.5ENSO≤ >ENSO<-0.5