Introduction to APA Referencing Te Puna Ako Learning Centre

At the end of the workshop you will be able to: -Say what referencing is and why we do it -Describe the difference between in-text referencing and the reference list -Write a correct in-text reference -Write a citation for a reference list

APA Referencing System What’s referencing?  Referencing is a systematic way of showing where you got the information and ideas in your assignment  APA - American Psychological Association - format is one of many referencing systems

Why is referencing needed? To recognise another person's work To help a reader locate sources To demonstrate depth of study To include experts’ ideas as support To avoid 'plagiarism' (writing other people's ideas as if they were your own)

Referencing words in-text reference quotation sources reference list plagiarism paraphrase acknowledgement quotation marks APA referencing citation © Unitec New Zealand 5

APA referencing system In-text references : in sentences in the body paragraphs show where you’ve used ideas or words of an expert May be paraphrases or quotes include name of author and year (and page no. if a quote) Reference List: on a separate page at the end of the assignment list of materials you have referred to in alphabetical order by author Author may be individual(s) or group

APA (6 th ed.) referencing style In-text (short form) Direct quotations Paraphrases Reference list (full details)

Direct Quoting copying exactly the words of the author(s). author's family name, year of publication, page number. For example (Millar, 2006, p. 8)

In-text referencing example (direct quote) Human resource management is a distinctive approach to employment management which “seeks to achieve competitive advantage through strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce” (Millar, 2006, p. 8). This suggests that … © Unitec New Zealand9

Paraphrasing putting someone else's ideas or information into your own words WITHOUT changing the meaning of the original text. page number is not required, but an in-text reference is! Ulrich (1998) comments that survey research on the key competencies managers need will be necessary.

In-text references Before the information: Raoofi (2012) states “electronic marketing moderates the impact of market orientation on firm marketing competencies” (p. 15). Discussing the link between technology and business, Daiem (2010) emphasises that computer use can save employers time in both technical work and administration.

In-text references After the information “Computer use can save employers time in both technical work and administration” (Daiem, 2010, p. 10). It seems that there is more emphasis on the production strategy factors than marketing factors as a means to gaining competitive advantage (Raoofi, 2012).

In- text referencing: Paraphrasing: -ideas of experts in your own words -show your own understanding of the writer’s ideas -NEED REFERENCES (Fan & Buxton, 2008). -Use most Paraphrasing: -ideas of experts in your own words -show your own understanding of the writer’s ideas -NEED REFERENCES (Fan & Buxton, 2008). -Use most Quotation -exact copied chunks of text from experts -NEED REFERENCES (Fan & Buxton, 2008, p. 239). -Use least <10 -20% Quotation -exact copied chunks of text from experts -NEED REFERENCES (Fan & Buxton, 2008, p. 239). -Use least <10 -20% © Unitec New Zealand13

For 3 or more authors, cite all the first time, then put first author and et al. : “With regard to social concerns, the use of credit cards in society has affected not only traditional consumers, but also vulnerable groups, such as college students, senior citizens, and disabled citizens” (Mansfield, Pinto & Robb, 2012, p. 1). As mentioned earlier (Mansfield et al., 2012), credit cards could...

Using secondary sources To quote something quoted or paraphrased from another work: Howe (2012) points out that the internet has grown from its first commercial use in the early 1990s to being used by 27% of the world's population in just under 20 years (as cited in Brosdah & Almousa, 2013).

For groups that serve as authors, cite full name of organisation - corporations, associations, government agencies and study groups According to the Ministry of Primary Industries (MPI) (2013), …. Subsequent in-text citations: (MPI, 2013) Reference list: write in full: Ministry of Primary Industries. (2013). …etc.

From a newspaper, put author, year of publication and page number : “There was also external input to the document from auditors, solicitors, trustees and the Ministry of Economic Development" (Anson, 2012, p. B1).

Unknown author: (e.g. newspaper or report) Title of article, year and page number: “The New Zealand dollar gained in local trading as consumer confidence improved” (“Dollar up on confidence", 2012, para. 3).

Interviews, , and Other Personal Communication Unpublished, so: not included in your reference list; put full details in your main text only. (J. Knight, personal communication, March 12, 2013).

Web pages, brochures and reports The 767s were bought to cope with the demands of… (Air New Zealand, 2001). Negative comments on blogs may damage the employer’s brand (People Management, 2008).

Integrating evidence from sources By quoting or paraphrasing (Note: summarising from a source is a form of paraphrase, so requires a reference) Using appropriate reporting verbs Checking each reference is relevant to your topic / idea Writing about the ideas in the reference

Referencing in a paragraph There is a wide variety of views on how HR departments can contribute to business growth. According to Brockbanck (2007), a successful HR department needs to be involved in framing not only HR strategy but also business strategy, promoting growth rather than downsizing. It therefore needs to be represented on the company’s leadership team. Moreover, Beer and Eisenstat (2006) emphasise the need for a comprehensive HR vision and future HR managers will require the skill to coordinate across functions. This suggests they need the ability to persuade others of the importance of effective employee management and development. Research by Eichinger and Ulrich (2010) points out that all the key competencies of successful leaders will be necessary for future HR roles.

examples of sentences Edwards (2004) explains that improving equality in the workplace…. Brint (2001) believes that the knowledge economy is… Becker (2005) defines ‘investing in culture’ as... “ (p. 23). According to Coff (1997), coping with cultural difference in the workplace is…. A study by Stroh and Treehuboff (2003) shows that outsourcing HR functions can …

The Reference List What are the general guidelines? First, what kind of source material are you using? Webpage? Web article? Pdf of journal article? Book? Chapter in an edited book? etc.

Example: reference list entry for journal article Millar, L. (2006). Leadership: The meaning of management. Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 18(3), © Unitec New Zealand25

Pay attention to: Information required for different types of references Punctuation – use of full-stops, commas, capital letters Use of italics Format – hanging indent

Marketing for Hospitality & Tourism 5th Edition Philip KotlerPhilip Kotler, John Bowen, James MakensJohn Bowen James Makens Jun 2009, Paperback, 720 pages ISBN13: ISBN10: How would you reference this?

Kotler, P., Bowen, J., & Makens, J. (2009). Marketing for hospitality and tourism (5 th ed.). Auckland, New Zealand: Pearson.

Referencing Electronic Sources electronic books electronic journal articles World Wide Web site or page/s document on World Wide Web electronic databases, either on CD-ROM or accessed through the internet software bulletin boards, discussion groups videos

A reference of an Internet source should provide: the author(s) of a document (surnames or organisation name) a date of publication or most recent update a document title Retrieved from: the web address (

The components of a URL: Track back through the URL to find the organisation / author

Referencing from websites Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2013, April 13). New agreement to encourage Chinese tourism. Retrieved from media/news-from-around-mbie/new- agreement-to-encourage-chinese-tourism

Article in Online newspaper Parker, T. (2013, March 19). Mighty River share sign-ups hit 400,000. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from ticle.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=

Online Encyclopedia, Dictionary or Wiki Wiki: [A wiki (such as Wikipedia) is a website that any one can contribute to, by writing, reviewing or editing an entry.] In-text (“Stress testing”, 2008) Is it acceptable to use wikis? Stress testing. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved August 15, 2012, from

Key points to improve your referencing skills (and therefore your assignment grades!): © Unitec New Zealand 35 plan ahead make effective notes from sources reference your notes and drafts as you go resist the temptation to ‘cut & paste’ from the internet improve your paraphrasing and summarising skills develop your referencing skills through repeated practice refer to guidesheets and guidebooks on referencing skills

Referencing resources Unitec Library pages: Unitec Moodle: Te Puna Ako Learning Centre University of Auckland referencing websitehttp:// FAQsFAQs on APA style website at Perrin, R. (2009). Pocket guide to APA style. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. © Unitec New Zealand36

Good luck with your academic writing and referencing! Help is available! Contact Te Puna Ako Learning Centre Building 110 in Hub area or extension 8611 © Unitec New Zealand 37