The Celestial Sphere.

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Presentation transcript:

The Celestial Sphere

The Caracol at Chichen Itza Built around 1000AD. The Mayans developed a very accurate calendar. They also placed special significance on Venus. Human Sacrifices were routinely performed to worship Venus

Name that constellation

Orion the Hunter

North Pole Equator The Celestial Sphere South Pole

North Pole Equator South Pole

North Pole Meridian Equator South Pole

North Pole Meridian Equator South Pole

Celestial Sphere North Celestial Pole Celestial Equator South Celestial Pole North Celestial Pole Celestial Sphere Celestial Equator

NCP Celestial Meridian Declination CEq SCP

Local Sky Zenith N W E S Horizon

NCP Visible Half of the Sky Below the Horizon N S Z E W CEq SCP

Measuring Latitude Zenith NCP CEq N W E S Latitude Horizon

N S W E Z NCP Equator Z NCP North Pole Z NCP N S W E 40º N Latitude

Evidence of Earth’s Rotation Apparent Rotation of the Celestial Sphere Star Trails Cycle of Night and Day Inertial Effects of Stuff on Earth Coriolis Effect Focault Pendulum Precession of the Equinox

Apparent Rotation of the Celestial Sphere

Apparent Rotation of the Celestial Sphere

CEq NCP N Zenith Above Horizon for 12h Never Sets W S Never Rises E

The Coriolis Effect

Coriolis Effect

Differential Rotational Speeds Arctic Circle 66.5º N: 666 km/h Binghamton, NY 42º N: 1200 km/h Equator 1670 km/h

Precession of the Equinoxes

Cepheus Draco Polaris Ursa Minor 2000 AD Thuban 2700 BC

Precession of the Equinoxes

Precession of the Equinoxes

Evidence of Earth’s Revolution Sidereal Day vs. Solar Day Seasons Due to Earth’s tilt in combination with its Revolution about the Sun Constellations and the Zodiak As Earth revolves, different stars are visible at night

Solar & Sidereal Days T=24h (Solar day) T=23h 56m 04s (Sidereal Day) Sun overhead Noon T=23h 56m 04s (Sidereal Day) One Earth rotation T=0h Noon Not to Scale

Seasons September June December March

Seasons

Obliquity of the Ecliptic

4 Seasons Autumnal Summer Winter Vernal Solstice Equinox NCP CEq 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4 Seasons Winter Solstice Summer Vernal Equinox Autumnal CEq Ecliptic SCP

NCP Seasons Ecliptic CEq ~23.5º Obliquity of the Ecliptic SCP

NCP Seasons Summer Solstice Ecliptic CEq Winter Solstice SCP

Seasons Autumnal Summer Equinox Solstice Winter Vernal Solstice NCP Seasons Autumnal Equinox Summer Solstice Ecliptic CEq Winter Solstice Vernal Equinox SCP

Seasons Z Summer Solstice NCP Vernal & Autumnal Equinoxes W CEq W Winter Solstice S N E

Seasons CEq Z Summer Solstice NCP Vernal & Autumnal Equinoxes W Winter Solstice S N E Seasons CEq

Angle and Intensity of Insolation

1 KW/m2 1 KW/m2 1 m2 2 m2

Equinoxes: March 20 & Sept. 22 Spring and Fall

December 21: Winter Solstice Northern Winter Southern Summer

June 21: Summer Solstice Northern Summer Southern Winter

2000 Dec 21: Winter Solstice 2001 Mar 20: Vernal Equinox Winter Spring Summer Autumn 2001 June 21: Summer Solstice 2001 Sept 22: Autumnal Equinox Summer Autumn Winter Spring

Constellations provide evidence that Earth Revolves around the Sun